# Portal - New Minnesotans Regime _An entry point to this project's articles on refugee resettlement in Minnesota, the state offices and statutes that serve immigrant and refugee residents, and the federal executive orders, suits and enforcement operation that now contest them_ | Portal - New Minnesotans Regime | | |---|---| | Type | portal; publish: false; restates the record; not a finding | | Regime, as the corpus frames it | the refugee-resettlement pipeline, under a title the stub's cross-references spell New Minnetotans[^1] | | Statute, as the corpus frames it | the Refugee Act of 1980, described as built in large part by Minnesotans and carried diplomatically by Vice President Walter Mondale[^1][^2] | | Toll, as the corpus frames it | assigned in the companion essay; not restated here[^3] | | Immunity, as the corpus frames it | not stated in the stub; the essay's thesis assigns every regime an immunity that shields it from internal correction[^3] | | Federal caption, as the corpus frames it | *US v. Minnesota — Sanctuary Policies (2025)* and *US v. Minnesota — North Star Promise Tuition (2025)*[^1] | | What the record shows | a federal resettlement program run since 1980 through State plans and voluntary agencies; a state refugee office since December 1975; state tuition, scholarship, license and data laws of 2013 and 2023 that reach residents without lawful status; and two federal suits against them, one dismissed and on appeal[^4][^5][^6][^7][^8] | | Federal actions | *United States v. Walz et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-02668 (filed June 25, 2025; dismissed Mar. 27, 2026; on appeal); *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798 (filed Sept. 29, 2025); Executive Order 14163 (Jan. 20, 2025)[^9][^10][^11][^12] | | State action | *Minnesota v. Noem*, No. 0:26-cv-00190 (filed Jan. 12, 2026), against the Department of Homeland Security[^13][^14] | | Related spine | [[Walter Mondale]] | | Parent article | [[How Minnesota Got Here]] | | Status | portal; seventeen articles in four parts; adjudicates nothing | **The New Minnesotans Regime** is the name this project's corpus gives to one of the ten "regimes" in its At Issue folder. The corpus's stub describes it in one line, as the refugee-resettlement pipeline, and links it to Walter Mondale, to the year 1980 and to two federal suits filed in 2025; the companion essay calls it the machine's population intake.[^1][^3] This portal is the entry point to the project's articles on that subject. No At Issue main article has yet been written for this regime; the eighteen articles below treat the federal statutes and offices, the Minnesota offices, the state laws the corpus files under the regime and the litigation of 2025 and 2026, and the [[Walter Mondale]] spine treats the official on whom the corpus centers it.[^15][^16][^17] The record the articles assemble is narrower in some places and wider in others than the corpus's frame. Refugee resettlement is a federal program: the Refugee Act of 1980 created an Office of Refugee Resettlement in the Department of Health and Human Services, and its codified terms, as amended in 1982 and 1986, require the federal office to consult States and voluntary agencies on "the intended distribution of refugees among the States and localities" and require each participating State to file a plan naming a state coordinator.[^15][^4] Minnesota's office predates the act; MNopedia dates it to December 1975, under Governor Wendell Anderson.[^5][^18] The state laws now in federal court are of a different kind and a later date: the 2013 resident-tuition statute, the 2023 North Star Promise scholarship and the 2023 law on noncompliant driver's licenses, each signed by a Democratic-Farmer-Labor governor.[^19][^20][^21][^18] The federal government has acted in three ways since January 2025: an executive order suspending refugee admissions, a suit claiming that the tuition and scholarship statutes are preempted by 8 U.S.C. § 1623, and a suit against the State's driver's-license data limits, the Attorney General's detainer opinion and city and county policies.[^22][^23][^24] The first suit was dismissed in March 2026 and is on appeal; the State has its own suit against the Department of Homeland Security over Operation Metro Surge.[^10][^13] The corpus's claims about the regime are set against the record in [[#Corpus claims checked]].[^2][^3] ## How to read this portal The articles are grouped in four parts: the federal framework; Minnesota's resettlement offices and arrival data; the state laws the corpus files under this regime; and the federal-state litigation of 2025 and 2026. Each section gives a short, footnoted summary, the article it leads to and the other articles in this portal it connects to; every connection is listed from both ends. Five articles marked *new* are not yet written; their sections rest on the records read for this portal. Officials appear in their official capacity, and no community is characterized: the statutes read here define their beneficiaries by residence, schooling, age or immigration status, not by national origin, and the resettlement statute requires that its services be provided "without regard to race, religion, nationality, sex, or political opinion".[^4][^6][^25] ## The spine | # | Part | Article | What it covers | Kind | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | I. Federal framework | [[Refugee Act of 1980]] | Pub. L. 96-212: refugee definition, admissions, domestic resettlement | vault page | | 2 | I. Federal framework | [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] | the federal office the 1980 act created, and its State-plan terms | vault page | | 3 | I. Federal framework | [[VOLAG network]] | the voluntary agencies that receive and place refugees under federal grants | vault page | | 4 | I. Federal framework | [[Walter Mondale]] | attorney general, senator and vice president; the 1979 Geneva address | spine | | 5 | I. Federal framework | [[Executive Order 14163]] | the 2025 suspension of refugee admissions | new | | 6 | II. Minnesota offices and data | [[Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office]] | the governor's office of December 1975 | new | | 7 | II. Minnesota offices and data | [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] | the Human Services office that succeeded it | vault page | | 8 | II. Minnesota offices and data | [[Office of New Americans]] | § 116J.4231, the 2023 office in the employment department | vault page | | 9 | II. Minnesota offices and data | [[Refugee arrivals in Minnesota]] | what the official arrival data show and do not show | new | | 10 | III. State laws | [[Minn. Stat. § 135A.043]] | resident tuition, Laws 2013, ch. 99, art. 4 (the Prosperity Act) | vault page | | 11 | III. State laws | [[North Star Promise, Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465]] | the 2023 tuition-free scholarship | vault page | | 12 | III. State laws | [[Noncompliant driver's license (Minnesota)]] | Laws 2023, ch. 13, and its data limits | new | | 13 | IV. Litigation | [[8 U.S.C. § 1623]] | the 1996 federal limit on residence-based college benefits | vault page | | 14 | IV. Litigation | [[United States v. Walz (in-state tuition and North Star Promise)]] | No. 0:25-cv-02668, dismissed and on appeal | vault page | | 15 | IV. Litigation | [[United States v. Minnesota, Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Hennepin County (sanctuary policies)]] | No. 0:25-cv-03798 | vault page | | 16 | IV. Litigation | [[Operation Metro Surge]] | the federal enforcement operation, December 2025 – February 2026 | vault page | | 17 | IV. Litigation | [[Minnesota, Minneapolis & St. Paul v. Noem - DHS (0-26-cv-00190)]] | the State's and cities' suit against the operation | vault page | ## Part I — The federal framework Refugee admission and resettlement in the United States rest on federal statutes, federal offices and federal grants. The Refugee Act of 1980 put the domestic program into the Immigration and Nationality Act and gave it a permanent office; the voluntary agencies that place refugees work under its grants; and the President sets and can suspend admissions. Walter Mondale's part in the program, which the corpus places at its center, is one of diplomacy rather than legislation. The five articles in this part treat the statute, the office, the agencies, the official and the 2025 suspension.[^26][^27][^28][^29] ### Refugee Act of 1980 [[Refugee Act of 1980]] treats Public Law 96-212, S. 643, approved March 17, 1980.[^15] The act amended the Immigration and Nationality Act in three ways that matter here: it wrote a statutory definition of refugee, it set a procedure under which annual admissions are fixed in consultation with Congress, and it added a chapter on refugee assistance whose first section establishes an Office of Refugee Resettlement within the Department of Health and Human Services.[^30][^31][^26][^32] President Jimmy Carter's signing statement of March 18 said that the act "establishes a new admissions policy that will permit fair and equitable treatment of refugees in the United States, regardless of their country of origin",[^33] and that until then "resettlement has been done primarily by private persons and organizations."[^34] The statement presents the act as an enlargement of the federal role in a program that private agencies had been carrying.[^35] The [[Walter Mondale]] spine found no source showing Mondale, then vice president, drafting, sponsoring or signing it.[^17] The vault's page on the act is at present a short entry carrying Wikipedia's lead and marked for rewriting. The act's domestic chapter is codified beginning at 8 U.S.C. § 1521. Its assistance section, § 1522, is the source of the State-plan, consultation and voluntary-agency terms described in the next two sections; MNopedia describes the act as formalizing the channeling of federal aid to refugees for thirty-six months.[^26][^37][^38] _Main article:_ [[Refugee Act of 1980]] _Connects to:_ [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] · [[VOLAG network]] · [[Walter Mondale]] · [[Executive Order 14163]] · [[Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office]] · [[Refugee arrivals in Minnesota]] ### Office of Refugee Resettlement [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] treats the federal office the 1980 act created in the Department of Health and Human Services.[^26] Its statute directs the Director to make available resources for employment training and placement "in order to achieve economic self-sufficiency among refugees as quickly as possible", to provide English training and to "insure that women have the same opportunities as men to participate in training and instruction".[^39] Two provisions tie the office to the States. The first requires consultation: the Director and the agency running initial resettlement "shall consult regularly (not less often than quarterly) with State and local governments and private nonprofit voluntary agencies" about the sponsorship process and the intended distribution of refugees, and must develop placement policies that, where practicable, avoid placing a refugee in an area "highly impacted" by the presence of refugees unless a close relative lives there.[^40][^41] The second requires a plan: as a condition of assistance, a State must submit a plan that describes how it will promote self-sufficiency and provides for "the designation of an individual, employed by the State, who will be responsible for insuring coordination of public and private resources in refugee resettlement".[^42] The statute also authorizes the Director to reimburse States for 100 percent of the cash and medical assistance provided to a refugee during the first thirty-six months after entry, and to make grants for social services.[^37] MNopedia records that after 1980 Minnesota's refugee office negotiated contracts with agencies, charities and church groups in Minneapolis and Hennepin County.[^43] The 2025 executive order on refugee admissions directs the Secretaries of State and of Health and Human Services to ensure that "the State and local consultation requirements in 8 U.S.C. 1522(a)(2) are carried out".[^44] The vault's page on the office is a short entry carrying Wikipedia's lead, and is due for rewriting from these primary texts. _Main article:_ [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] _Connects to:_ [[Refugee Act of 1980]] · [[VOLAG network]] · [[Executive Order 14163]] · [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] · [[Refugee arrivals in Minnesota]] ### VOLAG network [[VOLAG network]] treats the national voluntary agencies and their local affiliates, which receive refugees and place them with sponsors.[^27][^45] The federal authority for their work is § 1522(b): the Director is authorized "to make grants to, and contracts with, public or private nonprofit agencies for initial resettlement (including initial reception and placement with sponsors) of refugees in the United States", taking into account the agencies' different resettlement approaches.[^27] The network is older than the statute. President Carter's 1980 statement credited private persons and organizations with most of the resettlement done before the act, and MNopedia records that the office Governor Anderson created in December 1975 coordinated "federal and voluntary agencies, such as the Lutheran Social Services, Church World Service, Catholic Charities, and American Red Cross Minnesota Area Chapter".[^35][^45] The same entry records that families, church groups and community organizations sponsored refugee households.[^45] The statute gives the voluntary agencies a role in placement decisions alongside the States: they are among the parties the Director must consult quarterly on the intended distribution of refugees, and the placement policies are to provide a mechanism by which their local affiliates meet at least quarterly with state and local governments to plan placements in advance, taking into account among other things "the proportion of refugees and comparable entrants in the population in the area".[^40][^41] The corpus treats the network as the instrument that placed refugees in Minnesota in numbers beyond the State's share of the national population; the records read for this portal do not include the federal placement tables that would test that claim, as [[#Corpus claims checked]] sets out.[^3][^46] The vault's page under this title is a stub that reproduces a passage from the corpus; it has no Wikipedia match and is marked for rewriting from the statute and the historical record.[^2] _Main article:_ [[VOLAG network]] _Connects to:_ [[Refugee Act of 1980]] · [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] · [[Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office]] · [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] ### Walter Mondale [[Walter Mondale]] is the spine on the official the corpus places at the center of this regime.[^1][^17] The Legislative Reference Library's roster dates his term as Minnesota attorney general from May 4, 1960; the Senate's table records that he was appointed senator on December 30, 1964, "then elected", and resigned on December 30, 1976, and that Wendell R. Anderson was appointed to the seat the same day.[^47][^48] His act within this portal's subject is the 1979 Geneva meeting on Indochinese refugees. The *Foreign Relations* editors record that "Mondale headed the U.S. delegation", and his prepared text, preserved in his papers at the Minnesota Historical Society, compared the meeting with the 1938 conference at Evian and asked the nations, "Let us not re-enact their error".[^28][^49] The text announced that "We are preparing to welcome another 168,000 refugees" and asked other nations to double their resettlement commitments; a State Department briefing paper reported afterward that resettlement commitments exceeded 260,000.[^50][^28] The spine sets that record beside the corpus's larger claims. As vice president, Mondale was not a member of either house; President Carter signed the act, and the spine found no source that shows Mondale drafting or sponsoring the bill. In the records read, his part is diplomatic: the Geneva address of July 1979.[^34][^17][^49] The corpus's account of the Senate seats also departs from the Senate's own table, which shows Mondale elected after his appointment and records Muriel B. Humphrey's 1978 appointment to the other seat, Hubert Humphrey's.[^2][^48] _Main article:_ [[Walter Mondale]] _Connects to:_ [[Refugee Act of 1980]] · [[Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office]] ### Executive Order 14163 [[Executive Order 14163]], *Realigning the United States Refugee Admissions Program*, was signed on January 20, 2025 and published in the Federal Register on January 30 as document 2025-02011.[^12][^22] Invoking sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, it proclaimed that entry of refugees under the admissions program "would be detrimental to the interests of the United States" and suspended it from 12:01 a.m. on January 27, 2025, subject to case-by-case admissions that the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security may jointly approve.[^29] The order's policy section adds a federal-state element. It states that, "to the extent permitted by law and as practicable, State and local jurisdictions be granted a role in the process of determining the placement or settlement in their jurisdictions of aliens eligible to be admitted to the United States as refugees",[^44] directs the Secretary of Homeland Security to devise a proposal for greater state and local involvement, and requires reports every 90 days on whether admissions should resume.[^51] It revoked Executive Order 14013 of February 4, 2021.[^51] The order's operative sections address the entry of refugees under the admissions program; its section 3(d) cites the consultation requirements of 8 U.S.C. 1522(a)(2).[^29][^44] The Minnesota Department of Health's published arrival data run through 2024, so the records read for this portal show no Minnesota figures for the period of the suspension.[^46] No vault article on the order has been written; this section rests on the order's text and its Federal Register entry.[^12] _Main article:_ [[Executive Order 14163]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Refugee Act of 1980]] · [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] · [[Refugee arrivals in Minnesota]] ## Part II — Minnesota's offices and arrival data Minnesota's part in resettlement is administrative. The governor created a state office in December 1975 under a federally reimbursed program, and it became the Refugee Programs Office in 1981; the Department of Human Services now has a Refugee Resettlement Programs Office (the records read cover the office of 1975–1986 and the current office, not the years between); and a 2023 statute added an Office of New Americans in the employment department, with a coordinating council on which the programs office sits. The fourth article in this part treats the state's arrival data, which a corpus claim about Minnesota's share depends on.[^52][^53][^46] ### Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office [[Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office]] is the article on the office that MNopedia dates from 1975 to 1986.[^54] The entry records that the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 established an Indochinese Refugee Assistance Program, under which refugees could use local services "distributed through the state and fully reimbursed by the federal government".[^52] According to the entry, Governor Wendell Anderson, a Democratic-Farmer-Labor governor, wanted to address longer-term resettlement, standardize assistance and offer follow-up services, and "In December 1975, Anderson established an Indochinese Resettlement Office."[^52][^18] The office coordinated federal and voluntary agencies, and Anderson also created a task force of social-service organizations, state departments and refugee associations to advise his office; the task force conducted a statewide questionnaire in 1977 and published a newsletter in four languages.[^45] The entry states that the office "became the Refugee Programs Office in 1981", when an Independent-Republican governor, Al Quie, held office, and that after the 1980 act the federal Office of Refugee Resettlement was authorized to reimburse state and local agencies, which the Minnesota office did through contracts with agencies, charities and church groups.[^43][^18] It records job-creation and training projects that served an estimated 1,478 refugee residents in Hennepin County, with 898 job placements by 1982.[^43] The entry also records Minnesota's place among the States: "As a result, Minnesota was one of ten states that accepted the largest numbers of refugees", under the parole and orderly-departure programs of 1975 to 1986.[^54] It gives no comparison with the State's share of the national population. The office was a governor's creation; the records read for this portal include no statute that created it.[^52] No vault article on the office has been written. The article would rest on MNopedia, the governors' records and the 1975 and 1980 federal statutes.[^38][^18][^26] _Main article:_ [[Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Refugee Act of 1980]] · [[VOLAG network]] · [[Walter Mondale]] · [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] ### Refugee Resettlement Programs Office [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] treats the State's refugee office in the Department of Human Services.[^16] Its federal function is set by § 1522: a participating State's plan must provide for an individual "employed by the State" who coordinates public and private resettlement resources, must describe how the State will make language training and employment services available to refugees receiving cash assistance, and must provide for unaccompanied refugee children.[^42] The State's statutes name the office in one place read for this portal. The 2023 statute creating the Office of New Americans lists "the Department of Human Services Refugee Resettlement Programs Office" among the members of its Interdepartmental Coordinating Council on Immigrant and Refugee Affairs.[^53] The vault's page describes the programs office as the State's architecture before the Office of New Americans was created in 2023; the council clause shows the two offices in place side by side. The department's own page on the program could not be read for this portal: on October 29, 2026 the server returned a bot-management challenge in place of the content, and the challenge was not bypassed.[^55] The office's contracts, its State plan and its reports under § 1522(a)(6)(C) were not among the records read, and the article's account of its budget and caseload therefore remains to be written from them.[^42][^55] MNopedia's entry carries the governor's office of 1975 to the Refugee Programs Office of 1981, and the 2023 statute names the present office in Human Services; the records read for this portal do not document the steps between the two, which the article has still to trace.[^43][^53] _Main article:_ [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] _Connects to:_ [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] · [[VOLAG network]] · [[Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office]] · [[Office of New Americans]] · [[Refugee arrivals in Minnesota]] ### Office of New Americans [[Office of New Americans]] treats the office established by Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231 "within the Department of Employment and Economic Development".[^56] The statute's history line traces it to Laws 2023, chapter 53, article 15, section 2, enacted when Tim Walz, a Democratic-Farmer-Labor governor, held office.[^56][^18] The governor appoints an assistant commissioner, who hires the office's staff. Its stated purpose is "to foster immigrant and refugee inclusion through an intentional process to improve economic mobility, enhance civic participation" and improve the openness of receiving communities to immigrants and refugees.[^56] The statute gives the office sixteen duties, among them connecting employers with job seekers, reducing employment barriers, coordinating language-access practice across state agencies, making policy recommendations to the governor and serving as a point of contact for immigrants and refugees dealing with professional licensing boards.[^57] The office reports each year from January 15, 2025 to the legislative committees with jurisdiction, with a summary of its activities, proposed legislation and the grants it has awarded.[^58] It is advised by an Interdepartmental Coordinating Council on Immigrant and Refugee Affairs that the assistant commissioner chairs, with members from eleven state departments and offices, including the Refugee Resettlement Programs Office, and from three of the State's ethnic councils.[^53] The statute provides that it creates no right or benefit "enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the state".[^58] The corpus's stub lists an Office of New Minnesotans among the agencies referencing this regime; no office by that name appears in the statutes read for this portal, and the statutory office is the Office of New Americans.[^1][^16] The vault also has a page on the statute itself, [[Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231]].[^16] _Main article:_ [[Office of New Americans]] _Connects to:_ [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] ### Refugee arrivals in Minnesota [[Refugee arrivals in Minnesota]] is the article on what the official data show about the number of refugees resettled in the State.[^46][^54] The Minnesota Department of Health's Refugee Health Program publishes the State's principal series. It defines primary refugees as "arrivals who initially resettled in Minnesota", counts refugees, asylees, special immigrant visa holders, victims of trafficking, Amerasians, Cuban and Haitian entrants and other humanitarian parolees, and publishes arrivals by world region, by county, and by country of origin and county (top entries only) for eligible arrivals from 1999 through 2024.[^59][^46] The series is a health-surveillance series. The department uses it to monitor disease trends among new arrivals and to plan screening; its counts of eligible arrivals exclude people who moved out of the State, could not be located or never arrived, so it is not a count of every refugee placed in Minnesota.[^59] For the earlier period, MNopedia records that Minnesota was one of the ten states that accepted the largest numbers of refugees between 1975 and 1986.[^54] The federal placement statute frames the question the corpus raises. It directs that placement policies take into account "the proportion of refugees and comparable entrants in the population in the area", together with employment, housing and secondary migration, and avoid initial placement in areas highly impacted by refugees except for family reunification.[^41] A test of whether Minnesota received refugees beyond its share of the national population would need federal state-by-state arrival totals and the national total for the same years. Those tables were not among the records read for this portal.[^40][^46] The corpus's own arrivals table, which covers the same 1999–2024 span as the Health Department's series, states no source, compiler or definitions, and no figure in this portal rests on it.[^60][^61] Since January 27, 2025, the executive order suspending the admissions program has governed new refugee entries.[^29] _Main article:_ [[Refugee arrivals in Minnesota]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Refugee Act of 1980]] · [[Office of Refugee Resettlement]] · [[Executive Order 14163]] · [[Refugee Resettlement Programs Office]] ## Part III — State laws the corpus files under this regime The three statutes in this part extend a state benefit or document to residents without regard to immigration status, and all three are subjects of the federal suits in Part IV. All three were signed by Democratic-Farmer-Labor governors: Mark Dayton in 2013 and Tim Walz in 2023.[^62][^63][^64][^18] The corpus also files Laws 2020, chapter 76, the minimum marriage age in [[Minn. Stat. § 517.02]], under this regime; that statute is listed under See also and is not treated here.[^25][^88] ### Minn. Stat. § 135A.043 [[Minn. Stat. § 135A.043]] treats the resident-tuition statute enacted as article 4 of Laws 2013, chapter 99, an omnibus higher-education act whose article is titled the Prosperity Act.[^66][^6] The statute provides that a student, "other than a nonimmigrant alien" within the federal definition, "shall qualify for a resident tuition rate or its equivalent at state universities and colleges" on three conditions: high-school attendance in Minnesota for three or more years; graduation from a Minnesota high school or its equivalent; and, for a student without lawful immigration status, documentation of selective-service compliance and, where a federal process exists, of an application for lawful status.[^6] The same article enacted § 135A.044, allowing public institutions to use private funds for aid to students eligible for resident tuition, and amended the state-grant definition of "Resident student" in § 136A.101, subdivision 8, to add "a student eligible for resident tuition under section 135A.043".[^66][^67] That definition already included "a person defined as a refugee" under federal law who moved to Minnesota on arrival and stayed.[^67] The amendments took effect July 1, 2013. The Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota is requested, not required, to adopt a policy implementing the section.[^68][^66] The bill, S.F. 1236, passed the Senate 46–18 and the House 86–44 in April 2013; after conference both houses repassed it on May 17, the Senate 44–22 and the House 76–56, and Governor Dayton signed it on May 24.[^69][^62][^18] The votes are on the whole omnibus bill, not on article 4 alone.[^70] The United States' 2025 complaint challenges § 135A.043 "as applied to aliens not lawfully present", arguing that it classifies such students as residents for reduced tuition in conflict with 8 U.S.C. § 1623(a).[^23][^71] The State's motion to dismiss answered that the tuition statutes do not provide benefits on the basis of residence and that the benefits are also available to nonresident citizens who meet the same criteria, including graduation from a Minnesota high school.[^72] _Main article:_ [[Minn. Stat. § 135A.043]] _Connects to:_ [[North Star Promise, Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465]] · [[8 U.S.C. § 1623]] · [[United States v. Walz (in-state tuition and North Star Promise)]] ### North Star Promise, Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465 [[North Star Promise, Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465]] treats the scholarship program enacted by Laws 2023, chapter 41, article 2, section 19.[^73][^20][^74] Beginning in the fall term of the 2024–2025 academic year, the program awards eligible students scholarships "in an amount not to exceed 100 percent of tuition and fees after gift aid is deducted", at public postsecondary institutions and Tribal colleges.[^75] An eligible student is "a resident student under section 136A.101, subdivision 8", enrolled at an eligible institution, with a family adjusted gross income below $80,000, who has completed the federal or state aid application and meets the program's other conditions on enrollment, degree status, loan default, child support and academic progress.[^76][^77] Because the 2013 act added students eligible under § 135A.043 to that definition of resident student, the two statutes are linked, and the United States' complaint alleges that the Office of Higher Education directs undocumented students to complete the Minnesota Dream Act application to apply.[^67][^74] The statute also requires the Minnesota State board, and requests the Regents, to charge resident tuition to all students eligible for the program.[^76] The 2023 act transferred $117,226,000 in the second year of the biennium to the program's special revenue account, with a base of $49,500,000 from fiscal year 2026.[^78] The bill, H.F. 2073, passed the House 69–58 and the Senate 36–31 in April; after conference it was repassed 69–62 in the House on May 9 and 34–30 in the Senate on May 10, and Governor Walz approved it on May 24, 2023; these are votes on the whole omnibus higher-education bill, not on the scholarship alone.[^79][^63][^18] The statute's history line records amendments in 2024, 2025 and 2026.[^80] The United States' suit names the program's statute along with § 135A.043, alleging that the scholarship is a residence-based benefit denied to citizens from other States.[^23] The district court dismissed the suit in March 2026, and the United States has appealed.[^8] _Main article:_ [[North Star Promise, Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465]] _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. § 135A.043]] · [[8 U.S.C. § 1623]] · [[United States v. Walz (in-state tuition and North Star Promise)]] ### Noncompliant driver's license (Minnesota) [[Noncompliant driver's license (Minnesota)]] is the article on Laws 2023, chapter 13, H.F. 4, which changed the requirements for the driver's license and identification card that do not meet the federal REAL ID standard.[^7][^81] Under the act, an applicant for a noncompliant license or card "must declare the applicant's residence address in Minnesota" and "is not required to demonstrate United States citizenship or lawful presence in the United States".[^21] A REAL ID-compliant license still requires evidence of lawful status, and the act does not allow a commercial license without proof of citizenship or immigration status where federal law requires it.[^82][^21] A new section, § 171.1205, bars state agencies and political subdivisions from using possession of a noncompliant license or card as evidence of citizenship or lawful presence, or as "the primary basis for investigation, detention, or arrest".[^83] The act's data provisions are the part now in federal court. Before disclosing data on noncompliant license holders to anyone but the data subject, the commissioner must require the requester to certify that it will not use the data "for civil immigration enforcement purposes" or pass them to an agency that primarily enforces immigration law, with civil and criminal penalties for violation; the department may not share such data with a federal entity that primarily enforces immigration law, except under a valid search warrant or court order issued by a state or federal judge; and subscribers to the department's data must have their compliance audited each year.[^84][^85] The United States' 2025 complaint alleges that these provisions, now § 171.12, subdivision 7b(e) and subdivision 11, paragraphs (c)–(d), and § 168.327, subdivision 6, are preempted by 8 U.S.C. §§ 1373 and 1644; it notes that a 2024 act moved the certification from paragraph (d) to paragraph (e).[^86] H.F. 4 passed the House 69–60 on January 30, 2023 and the Senate 34–31 on February 21; the House repassed it 70–60 on March 2, and Governor Walz approved it on March 7.[^87][^64][^18] Most of it took effect for applications on or after October 1, 2023, and the act appropriated $1,453,000 and $1,413,000 for its first two fiscal years.[^7][^83] The bill-status record lists 35 House authors and one Senate author.[^81] No vault article on the act has been written. The article would rest on the session law, the bill's record and the current text of chapter 171, and would follow the 2024 change to the certification clause.[^7][^81][^86] _Main article:_ [[Noncompliant driver's license (Minnesota)]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[United States v. Minnesota, Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Hennepin County (sanctuary policies)]] ## Part IV — Federal-state litigation, 2025–2026 Since June 2025 the United States has sued Minnesota twice over laws concerning noncitizen residents, and in January 2026 the State sued the Department of Homeland Security over the enforcement operation it ran in the Twin Cities. The first federal suit rests on a 1996 statute and was dismissed in March 2026; the second rests on the Supremacy Clause and on two federal information-sharing statutes; the State's suit rests on four bases: the First and Tenth Amendments, the Constitution's guarantee of equal sovereignty and the Administrative Procedure Act. The five articles in this part treat the federal statute, the three suits and the operation.[^93][^8][^94][^13] ### 8 U.S.C. § 1623 [[8 U.S.C. § 1623]] treats the federal limit on college benefits for noncitizens not lawfully present, enacted as section 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Public Law 104-208, on September 30, 1996.[^93] Its operative subsection provides that such an alien "shall not be eligible on the basis of residence within a State (or a political subdivision) for any postsecondary education benefit unless a citizen or national of the United States is eligible for such a benefit (in no less an amount, duration, and scope) without regard to whether the citizen or national is such a resident".[^93] It applies to benefits provided on or after July 1, 1998.[^95] The statute is the whole basis of the United States' suit against Minnesota's tuition and scholarship laws: the complaint calls its prohibition "categorical"[^96] and asks that §§ 135A.043 and 136A.1465 be declared preempted as applied to students not lawfully present.[^23][^71] The State's motion to dismiss argued that Minnesota's laws do not grant benefits "on the basis of residence", that § 1623 lacks preemptive force because it regulates States rather than private actors, and that the federal reading would raise Tenth Amendment and anti-commandeering concerns.[^72] The vault's page on the statute is a stub drawn from the corpus; its article is to be written from the codified text and its legislative history. _Main article:_ [[8 U.S.C. § 1623]] _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. § 135A.043]] · [[North Star Promise, Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465]] · [[United States v. Walz (in-state tuition and North Star Promise)]] ### United States v. Walz (in-state tuition and North Star Promise) [[United States v. Walz (in-state tuition and North Star Promise)]] treats *United States v. Walz et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-02668 in the District of Minnesota, filed on June 25, 2025 against Governor Tim Walz and Attorney General Keith Ellison in their official capacities, the State of Minnesota and the Minnesota Office of Higher Education.[^23] The complaint asks for a declaration that §§ 135A.043 and 136A.1465, as applied to aliens not lawfully present, violate the Supremacy Clause, and for a permanent injunction against their enforcement.[^71] The Justice Department's announcement quoted Attorney General Pamela Bondi saying that no State may "treat Americans like second-class citizens in their own country" and cited a recent result against Texas on a similar law.[^97] The case was assigned to Judge Katherine M. Menendez.[^98] The State moved to dismiss on July 23, 2025, and the court heard the motion on December 10.[^72][^8] On March 27, 2026 the court entered an order granting the motion to dismiss, and judgment followed on March 30.[^8] The United States filed a notice of appeal on May 1, 2026, and the Eighth Circuit docketed the appeal as No. 26-1886.[^8] The order itself was not among the records read for this portal, and the Clearinghouse summary read here predates it.[^10] The vault's case page records that accounts of the order's grounds differ, one describing a dismissal resting largely on standing and another a holding that the statutes' conditions are not residence-based; until the order or the appeal is read, the record supports only that the district court dismissed the suit and the United States has appealed.[^10][^8] _Main article:_ [[United States v. Walz (in-state tuition and North Star Promise)]] _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. § 135A.043]] · [[North Star Promise, Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465]] · [[8 U.S.C. § 1623]] ### United States v. Minnesota, Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Hennepin County (sanctuary policies) [[United States v. Minnesota, Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Hennepin County (sanctuary policies)]] treats No. 0:25-cv-03798, filed on September 29, 2025 against the State, Minneapolis, St. Paul and Hennepin County, Attorney General Keith Ellison and Hennepin County Sheriff Dawanna S. Witt, each official in an official capacity.[^24][^99] The Justice Department announced it as a suit over sanctuary policies and recalled that Attorney General Bondi had published a list of sanctuary jurisdictions, including Minnesota, on August 5, 2025.[^99] The complaint's first count is against the Attorney General's Advisory Opinion 3a-20250206 and article I, section 10 of the Minnesota Constitution as the opinion interprets it.[^100] That opinion, issued on February 6, 2025 at the Ramsey County Attorney's request, concludes that "Minnesota law prohibits state and local law enforcement agencies from holding someone based on an immigration detainer if the person would otherwise be released from custody".[^101][^102] It treats continued detention on a detainer as an arrest and finds no state or federal authority for such an arrest.[^103] The complaint has nine counts, each under the Supremacy Clause. Count One rests on 8 C.F.R. § 287.7(d) and 8 U.S.C. § 1357(g).[^100] Count Two is against the driver's-license data provisions of the 2023 act: § 171.12, subdivision 7b(e) and subdivision 11, paragraphs (c)–(d), and § 168.327, subdivision 6, which the complaint says conflict with 8 U.S.C. §§ 1373 and 1644.[^86][^84] Further counts reach Minneapolis and St. Paul ordinances that bar city agencies from sharing immigration-status information or questioning people about civil immigration violations, and a Hennepin County Sheriff's directive; Counts Six through Nine allege unlawful discrimination against the federal government.[^104] The complaint asks for declarations that the challenged provisions violate the Supremacy Clause.[^94] The records read for this portal, the complaint and the Department's announcement, include no ruling in the case; the vault's case page reports a dismissal as to St. Paul in July 2026 from the project's case record without a docket citation, which the article has still to confirm.[^24][^99] _Main article:_ [[United States v. Minnesota, Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Hennepin County (sanctuary policies)]] _Connects to:_ [[Noncompliant driver's license (Minnesota)]] · [[Operation Metro Surge]] · [[Minnesota, Minneapolis & St. Paul v. Noem - DHS (0-26-cv-00190)]] ### Operation Metro Surge [[Operation Metro Surge]] treats the federal immigration-enforcement operation in Minnesota. The Attorney General's release of January 12, 2026 states that the federal government initiated the operation in December 2025 and describes the deployment of "thousands of armed and masked DHS agents", including from Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Protection, to the Twin Cities.[^13] The Wikipedia account dates the operation from December 4, 2025 to February 12, 2026 and records a DHS announcement on December 4 and an expansion announced on January 6, 2026 that it puts at 2,000 agents; those dates and figures are Wikipedia's and were not checked against DHS releases for this portal.[^105][^106] The Wikipedia account records two statements from the federal bench in Minnesota: that on January 28, 2026, Chief Judge Patrick Schiltz found that ICE had violated at least 96 court orders in Minnesota since January 1, and that on February 3 Judge Jerry W. Blackwell said that the "overwhelming majority" of the cases ICE had brought before him involved people lawfully present in the United States; the orders themselves were not among the records read for this portal.[^107] The Attorney General's release states that on January 7, 2026, a DHS agent shot and killed a person; the Wikipedia account records two people shot and killed by federal agents during the operation.[^13][^105] The Wikipedia account dates the operation's end to February 2026 and puts a residual force of immigration officers at 650 in early March; no DHS release read for this portal confirms either figure.[^107] The State's and the cities' suit against the operation is treated in the next section.[^13] The vault's article on the operation was drafted mainly from the Wikipedia account and news reports, and records federal and state officials' public statements that this portal does not repeat; it is due for revision against the court records.[^105] _Main article:_ [[Operation Metro Surge]] _Connects to:_ [[United States v. Minnesota, Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Hennepin County (sanctuary policies)]] · [[Minnesota, Minneapolis & St. Paul v. Noem - DHS (0-26-cv-00190)]] ### Minnesota, Minneapolis & St. Paul v. Noem - DHS (0-26-cv-00190) [[Minnesota, Minneapolis & St. Paul v. Noem - DHS (0-26-cv-00190)]] treats *Minnesota v. Noem* (now *v. Mullin*), the suit that Attorney General Keith Ellison filed for the State, with Minneapolis and Saint Paul, on January 12, 2026 against the Department of Homeland Security and related agencies and officials.[^13] The Attorney General's office announced that the suit alleges violations of the First and Tenth Amendments, of the Constitution's guarantee of equal sovereignty between state and federal governments, and of the Administrative Procedure Act, and asked for a temporary restraining order.[^13][^108] The same announcement quoted Ellison: "This federal invasion of the Twin Cities has to stop, so today I am suing DHS to bring it to an end."[^109] The Wikipedia account summarizes the State's theory as a Tenth Amendment claim that using federal agents for general policing commandeers state resources and intrudes on the State's police powers.[^14] According to the Wikipedia account, the case, No. 0:26-cv-00190, is before Judge Katherine M. Menendez, is now captioned against Noem's successor as Secretary, Markwayne Mullin, and on January 31, 2026 the court denied a preliminary injunction; the same account records amicus briefs from at least twenty state attorneys general supporting Minnesota.[^14] Neither the order nor the docket was among the records read for this portal.[^14] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota, Minneapolis & St. Paul v. Noem - DHS (0-26-cv-00190)]] _Connects to:_ [[United States v. Minnesota, Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Hennepin County (sanctuary policies)]] · [[Operation Metro Surge]] ## Two readings The two readings below are the strongest forms of the positions the record supports. This portal adopts neither.[^110][^23] **Reading one: a residency order built in Minnesota and kept by both parties.** On this reading the seventeen articles describe one arrangement. The State has run a refugee office since 1975, under DFL and Independent-Republican governors alike, as the coordinating arm of a federal program; from 2013 it has extended state benefits and documents to residents regardless of immigration status — resident tuition in 2013, a tuition-free scholarship keyed to the same definition of resident student in 2023, and noncompliant driver's licenses with limits on sharing applicants' data with immigration enforcement in 2023 — and it has added an Office of New Americans for immigrant and refugee inclusion.[^43][^18][^66][^76][^84][^56] The 2023 laws passed on close votes, 70–60 and 34–31, and 69–62 and 34–30, and the Attorney General's 2025 opinion concludes that Minnesota law bars holding people on federal detainers.[^81][^111][^101] The United States says these laws conflict with §§ 1373, 1623 and 1644.[^23][^24] On this reading the Republican side shares the record too: an Independent-Republican governor held office when the state office took its 1981 form, and the federal suits of 2025 attack the State's 2013 and 2023 statutes but not the federally funded resettlement program itself.[^43][^18][^71][^24] **Reading two: ordinary federal and state law, tested in court.** On this reading there is no single arrangement. Refugee admission and resettlement are federal: Congress enacted the 1980 act, the President signed it and sets admissions, the federal office reimburses assistance and requires consultation on placement, and a President suspended admissions in 2025 without any act of the State.[^31][^34][^37][^29] The state laws define their beneficiaries by schooling, income and residence.[^6][^77] The courts have so far declined to adopt the categorical terms of either side: the district court dismissed the tuition suit that the Attorney General of the United States announced with the words "treat Americans like second-class citizens", and it denied the preliminary injunction that Minnesota's Attorney General sought against what he called a "federal invasion of the Twin Cities".[^8][^97][^14][^109] On this reading the record also leaves a gap that neither government's filings fill: none read for this portal measures the State's arrivals against the national total, and the state resettlement office's own records were not available to read.[^46][^55] **What both readings foreclose.** Both rest on the same statutes, executive orders, filings and data series. Neither is supported by the claims that Mondale wrote or signed the Refugee Act, that the act created the voluntary-agency network, that any statute read here classifies by national origin, or that the record read establishes Minnesota's share of national refugee arrivals.[^34][^110][^46] ## Timeline | Date | Instrument or act | |---|---| | December 1975 | Governor Wendell Anderson (DFL) creates an Indochinese Resettlement Office[^52][^18] | | July 21, 1979 | Vice President Mondale heads the U.S. delegation at the Geneva meeting on Indochinese refugees[^28][^49] | | March 17, 1980 | Refugee Act of 1980 approved; Office of Refugee Resettlement established[^26][^34] | | 1981 | State office becomes the Refugee Programs Office (Quie, IR)[^43][^18] | | September 30, 1996 | 8 U.S.C. § 1623 enacted; applies to benefits from July 1, 1998[^93] | | May 24, 2013 | Prosperity Act, § 135A.043, signed (Dayton, DFL); effective July 1, 2013[^66][^62] | | March 7, 2023 | Noncompliant driver's license act signed (Walz); effective October 1, 2023[^64][^7] | | May 24, 2023 | North Star Promise, § 136A.1465, signed (Walz)[^63][^20] | | 2023 | Office of New Americans, § 116J.4231, established (Walz)[^56] | | January 20, 2025 | Executive Order 14163 suspends refugee admissions from January 27[^29][^12] | | February 6, 2025 | Attorney General's Advisory Opinion 3a-20250206 on immigration detainers[^102] | | June 25, 2025 | *United States v. Walz et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-02668, filed[^9] | | September 29, 2025 | *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798, filed[^11] | | December 2025 | Federal government initiates Operation Metro Surge, per the Attorney General's release of Jan. 12, 2026[^13] | | January 12, 2026 | State and cities sue the Department of Homeland Security, No. 0:26-cv-00190[^13] | | January 31, 2026 | Preliminary injunction denied in No. 0:26-cv-00190[^14] | | March 27, 2026 | Tuition suit dismissed; judgment March 30[^8] | | May 1, 2026 | United States appeals the tuition dismissal, Eighth Circuit No. 26-1886[^8] | ## Corpus claims checked The corpus for this regime consists of the regime stub, the *Ten Regimes, One Machine* essays, the files in the regime's folder and the Mondale corpus checked for the [[Walter Mondale]] spine.[^1][^3][^2][^17] Each claim is set beside what the record read for this portal shows. | Claim in the corpus | What the record shows | Sources | |---|---|---| | Mondale was appointed to Humphrey's Senate seat, Muriel Humphrey was appointed to Mondale's seat in 1977, and three consecutive occupancies came by appointment rather than election | The Senate's table records Mondale appointed on December 30, 1964, then elected, and resigned on December 30, 1976; Wendell R. Anderson was appointed to his seat that day; Muriel B. Humphrey was appointed on January 25, 1978 to Hubert Humphrey's seat after his death | [^2][^3][^48] | | Mondale became attorney general in 1960 | The Legislative Reference Library's roster dates his term from May 4, 1960 | [^2][^47] | | The Refugee Act was designed by Minnesotans and was Mondale's law | The act was S. 643, signed by President Carter; no source read shows Mondale drafting or sponsoring it; in the records read his part is diplomatic, as head of the U.S. delegation at Geneva in 1979 | [^2][^34][^28][^49] | | Mondale's Geneva address said "Let us not re-enact their error" | The prepared text in his papers contains the sentence | [^3][^49] | | The voluntary-agency system placed refugees in Minnesota at rates beyond the State's share of the national population | Not verified: MNopedia records Minnesota among the ten largest receiving States from 1975 to 1986, and the Health Department publishes Minnesota arrivals for 1999–2024, but no national comparison was read; the federal placement statute itself directs attention to the proportion of refugees in an area's population | [^3][^2][^54][^46][^41] | | The Refugee Act created or codified the voluntary-agency system | The act authorized grants and contracts with voluntary agencies for reception and placement; President Carter said resettlement had been done until then primarily by private organizations, and Minnesota's 1975 office already coordinated such agencies | [^2][^27][^35][^45] | | The corpus links the regime to state-program losses (not restated here) | No statute, filing or report read for this portal attributes a program's losses to refugee status or national origin; the resettlement statute requires services without regard to nationality; this portal does not characterize communities | [^3][^110] | | The folder's arrivals table documents arrivals from 1999 through 2024 | The table states no source; the Health Department publishes a series for the same years under stated definitions; no figure here rests on the table | [^60][^59] | | An Office of New Minnesotans references the regime | The statute creates an Office of New Americans in the employment department; no office by the other name appears in the statutes read | [^1][^56] | | The corpus files Laws 2020, ch. 76 (the minimum marriage age, § 517.02) under this regime | The statute applies to every civil marriage in Minnesota and names no community; it is listed under See also and not treated in this portal | [^92][^25][^88] | | The regime's federal captions are suits over sanctuary policies and North Star Promise tuition, both of 2025 | Both suits exist: No. 0:25-cv-03798, filed September 29, 2025, and No. 0:25-cv-02668, filed June 25, 2025; the second was dismissed on March 27, 2026 and is on appeal | [^1][^24][^23][^8] | ## Other portals The ten At Issue regimes each have a portal; the others are [[Portal - Affirmative Action Regime]] · [[Portal - Climate Regime]] · [[Portal - Community Action Programs Regime]] · [[Portal - Feminism Regime]] · [[Portal - Metropolitan Council Regime]] · [[Portal - One Minnesota Regime]] · [[Portal - PELRA Regime]] · [[Portal - Professional Association Regime]] · [[Portal - University of Minnesota Regime]]. The tuition statutes in Part III also bear on the University of Minnesota portal, since both request the Board of Regents to adopt implementing policies.[^6][^73] ## See also - [[How Minnesota Got Here]] · [[Walter Mondale]] · [[Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231]] · [[Minn. Stat. § 135A.043]] · [[Minn. Stat. § 517.02]] - [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] · [[Minnesota Office of Higher Education]] · [[Department of Homeland Security]] · [[DREAM Act]] ## Notes [^1]: Minnesota record, *New Minnesotans Regime* node stub (Actions At Issue Arguments, Regimes; created July 15, 2026; status stub; title spelled Minnetotans in its cross-references) — an argued regime described as the refugee-resettlement pipeline; cross-references Walter Mondale, 1980, two 2025 federal suits on sanctuary policies and North Star Promise tuition, Theory T15 and an Office of New Minnesotans. [^2]: Minnesota record, *Walter Mondale and the Refugee Act of 1980: A Deep Dive* (New Minnesotans Regime folder, dated April 25, 2026) — a Humphrey–Mondale succession account, the Geneva speech, the 1975 assistance act and the state's 1975 office, S. 643 and its structure, and a claim of placement in Minnesota disproportionate to any state's population share. [^3]: Minnesota record, *Ten Regimes, One Machine* (Regime Essays no. 1, 5,000-word steelman, drafted June 12, 2026), section VIII on the New Minnesotans Regime — calls it population intake; recounts Mondale's offices and the Geneva speech; describes the voluntary-agency system as concentrating refugees in Minnesota beyond its population share and resettled populations as a billing surface. [^4]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522 (2023 ed.), domestic resettlement of and assistance to refugees — quarterly consultation with States, localities and voluntary agencies on the intended distribution of refugees (subsec. (a)(2)); a State plan naming a state coordinator (a)(6); grants and contracts for initial reception and placement (b); cash and medical assistance for thirty-six months (e). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^5]: Sharon Park, *Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office, 1975–1986*, MNopedia (Minnesota Historical Society; first published Aug. 22, 2016) — the 1975 federal assistance program reimbursing state services; Governor Wendell Anderson's office of December 1975, renamed the Refugee Programs Office in 1981; the voluntary agencies it coordinated; Minnesota among the ten largest receiving states. https://www.mnopedia.org/group/indochinese-refugee-resettlement-office-1975-1986 [^6]: Minn. Stat. § 135A.043 (2025), resident tuition — a student other than a nonimmigrant alien qualifies for resident tuition at state universities and colleges with three years of Minnesota high-school attendance and graduation or its equivalent; a student without lawful status must also show selective-service compliance and, where a federal process exists, an application for status. History: 2013 c 99. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/135A.043 [^7]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 13 (H.F. 4), noncompliant driver's licenses and identification cards — applicants must declare a Minnesota residence and need not demonstrate citizenship or lawful presence; limits on disclosing applicants' data for civil immigration enforcement, with a requester certification and audits; effective Oct. 1, 2023; presented March 6 and signed March 7, 2023. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/13/ [^8]: Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, *United States v. Walz*, docket — Doc. 42, Mar. 27, 2026, order granting the motion to dismiss, signed by Judge Katherine M. Menendez; Doc. 43, Mar. 30, judgment; Doc. 44, transcript of the Dec. 10, 2025 hearing; Doc. 45, May 1, 2026, notice of appeal; Doc. 48, Eighth Circuit case number 26-1886. https://clearinghouse.net/case/46742/ [^9]: Complaint, *United States v. Walz*, No. 0:25-cv-02668 (D. Minn. filed June 25, 2025), caption and introduction — defendants Governor Tim Walz and Attorney General Keith Ellison in their official capacities, the State of Minnesota and the Office of Higher Education; the introduction calls the federal prohibition categorical and the challenged statutes preempted. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1404576/dl [^10]: Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, *United States v. Walz*, case 46742 — summary of the claims and the State's July 23, 2025 motion to dismiss; docket: hearing Dec. 10, 2025; order granting dismissal signed by Judge Menendez Mar. 27, 2026 (Doc. 42); judgment Mar. 30 (Doc. 43); notice of appeal May 1, 2026; Eighth Circuit No. 26-1886. https://clearinghouse.net/case/46742/ [^11]: Complaint, *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798, ¶¶ 14–19 — the defendants: the State of Minnesota, Hennepin County, the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Attorney General Keith Ellison, who issued Advisory Opinion 3a-20250206, and Sheriff Dawanna S. Witt, who issued Administrative Directive 21-02, each official sued in an official capacity. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1415681/dl [^12]: Federal Register, document search for *Realigning the United States Refugee Admissions Program* (presidential documents) — one result: Executive Order 14163 of Jan. 20, 2025, Federal Register document 2025-02011, published Jan. 30, 2025, issued by the Executive Office of the President, with links to the published text. https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents.json?conditions%5Bterm%5D=%22Realigning+the+United+States+Refugee+Admissions+Program%22&conditions%5Btype%5D%5B%5D=PRESDOCU [^13]: Office of the Minnesota Attorney General, *Attorney General Ellison and cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul sue to halt ICE surge into Minnesota* (Jan. 12, 2026) — the State's and cities' federal suit against the Department of Homeland Security alleging First and Tenth Amendment, equal-sovereignty and Administrative Procedure Act violations, with a request for a temporary restraining order. https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/Communications/2026/01/12_ICE.asp [^14]: Wikipedia, *Operation Metro Surge*, section on lawsuits (retrieved Oct. 29, 2026; secondary) — *Minnesota v. Mullin*, formerly *Minnesota v. Noem*, No. 0:26-cv-00190, before Judge Katherine M. Menendez; the State's Tenth Amendment theory and Minneapolis's Administrative Procedure Act claim; amicus briefs of at least 20 state attorneys general; the Jan. 31, 2026 denial of a preliminary injunction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Metro_Surge [^15]: Refugee Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96-212, 94 Stat. 102 (S. 643; approved Mar. 17, 1980) — amends the Immigration and Nationality Act to adopt a statutory definition of refugee, set admissions through consultation with Congress, and add a chapter on domestic resettlement and assistance establishing an Office of Refugee Resettlement in the Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg102.pdf [^16]: Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231 (2025), Office of New Americans — established within the Department of Employment and Economic Development, headed by an assistant commissioner the governor appoints; sixteen duties for immigrant and refugee inclusion; annual reports from Jan. 15, 2025; an interdepartmental council including the Human Services Refugee Resettlement Programs Office; no private right of action. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/116J.4231 [^17]: Minnesota record, Mondale corpus files (Mondale_Correction_Note, the steelman, positioning and killshot essays, the Refugee Act and "October 1979" deep dives, the Somalia and Layout files, the DFL 1960s file, the 100-claims list and the record rows), as checked in the Mondale fact sheet of Oct. 28, 2026. [^18]: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, *Minnesota Governors* — each governor with the date of taking office, number and party: Wendell Anderson, 1/4/1971, Democratic-Farmer-Labor; Rudy Perpich, 12/29/1976, Democratic-Farmer-Labor; Al Quie, 1/4/1979, Independent-Republican; Mark Dayton, 1/3/2011, Democratic-Farmer-Labor; Tim Walz, 1/7/2019, Democratic-Farmer-Labor; with links to executive orders and vetoes. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/lrl/mngov/gov.aspx [^19]: Laws of Minnesota 2013, ch. 99 (S.F. 1236), omnibus higher-education act, art. 4, Prosperity Act — enacts § 135A.043 (resident tuition) and § 135A.044 (private scholarship aid), adds students eligible under § 135A.043 to the state-grant definition of resident student, effective July 1, 2013; presented May 21 and signed May 24, 2013. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2013/0/Session+Law/Chapter/99/ [^20]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 41 (H.F. 2073), higher-education finance and policy act — art. 2, sec. 19, enacts § 136A.1465, North Star Promise, with transfers to its special revenue account of $117,226,000 the second year and a base of $49,500,000 from fiscal 2026; presented May 23 and signed May 24, 2023. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/41/ [^21]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 13, art. 1, adding § 171.06, subd. 8 — an applicant for a noncompliant driver's license or identification card must declare a Minnesota residence address and is not required to demonstrate citizenship or lawful presence; rule part 7410.0410 does not apply; no commercial license without proof where federal law requires it. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/13/ [^22]: The White House, *Realigning the United States Refugee Admissions Program*, presidential action of Jan. 20, 2025 — suspends entry of refugees under the admissions program from Jan. 27, 2025, subject to case-by-case exceptions; calls for a role for State and local jurisdictions in placement; requires reports every 90 days on resumption; revokes Executive Order 14013. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/realigning-the-united-states-refugee-admissions-program/ [^23]: Complaint, *United States v. Walz*, No. 0:25-cv-02668 (D. Minn. filed June 25, 2025), Doc. 1 — against the governor and attorney general in their official capacities, the State and the Office of Higher Education; alleges that §§ 135A.043 and 136A.1465, as applied to aliens not lawfully present, are preempted by 8 U.S.C. § 1623(a) and asks for a permanent injunction. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1404576/dl [^24]: Complaint, *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798 (D. Minn. filed Sept. 29, 2025), Doc. 1 — against the State, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Hennepin County, the attorney general and the Hennepin County sheriff in official capacities; Supremacy Clause counts against Opinion 3a-20250206, §§ 171.12 and 168.327, two city codes and a sheriff's directive. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1415681/dl [^25]: Minn. Stat. § 517.02 (2025), persons capable of contracting — a person who has attained the full age of 18 years is capable in law of contracting into a civil marriage, if otherwise competent; the history line runs from the Revised Laws through Laws 2020, ch. 76, sec. 1, which removed the provision for marriage at sixteen with consent. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/517.02 [^26]: Refugee Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96-212, § 311, adding INA chapter 2 of title IV, Refugee Assistance — § 411 establishes within the Department of Health and Human Services an Office of Refugee Resettlement headed by a Director (8 U.S.C. 1521); § 412 authorizes domestic resettlement and assistance programs (8 U.S.C. 1522); §§ 413–414 reports and appropriations. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg102.pdf [^27]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522(b)(1)(A) — for fiscal years 1980 and 1981 the Secretary of State, and from fiscal 1982 the Director, is authorized to make grants to and contracts with public or private nonprofit agencies for initial resettlement, including reception and placement with sponsors, taking account of voluntary agencies' different resettlement approaches and practices. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^28]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980*, vol. XXII, doc. 138 — State Department briefing paper of July 25, 1979 on the Geneva meeting on Indochinese refugees, with the editors' note that Mondale headed the U.S. delegation; reports resettlement commitments exceeding 260,000 and assesses the American announcements. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v22/d138 [^29]: Executive Order 14163, *Realigning the United States Refugee Admissions Program* (Jan. 20, 2025), sec. 3 — proclaims under INA §§ 212(f) and 215(a) that entry of refugees would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, suspends entry from Jan. 27, 2025, and allows case-by-case admission on a joint determination of the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/realigning-the-united-states-refugee-admissions-program/ [^30]: Refugee Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96-212, § 201(a), 94 Stat. 102 — adds to the Immigration and Nationality Act a definition of refugee as a person outside the country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, social group or political opinion. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg102.pdf [^31]: Refugee Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96-212, § 201(b), adding INA § 207 — refugee admissions not to exceed fifty thousand in each of fiscal years 1980 through 1982 unless the President determines a different number after appropriate consultation with Congress, with later ceilings set by the President after consultation; emergency admissions and an asylum procedure in §§ 207–208. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg102.pdf [^32]: National Archives, *Pieces of History*, "On Display: The Refugee Act of 1980" (Nov. 20, 2015) — the act's provisions and images of its first and signature pages. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2015/11/20/on-display-the-refugee-act-of-1980 [^33]: Jimmy Carter, statement on signing S. 643 (Mar. 18, 1980), American Presidency Project — the act establishes an admissions policy permitting fair and equitable treatment of refugees regardless of country of origin, allows annual admission levels to change with conditions overseas and resources, and ensures that admissions questions are considered by both Congress and the administration. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/refugee-act-1980-statement-signing-s-643-into-law [^34]: Jimmy Carter, *Refugee Act of 1980: Statement on Signing S. 643 Into Law* (Mar. 18, 1980), American Presidency Project — describes the act as revising refugee admissions and assistance, with admissions levels set annually and a larger federal role, since resettlement until then had been done primarily by private persons and organizations. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/refugee-act-1980-statement-signing-s-643-into-law [^35]: Jimmy Carter, statement on signing S. 643 (Mar. 18, 1980), American Presidency Project — the act will help refugees become self-sufficient; until then resettlement had been done primarily by private persons and organizations, which had done an admirable job, but larger numbers of arrivals required an expanded federal role in refugee programs. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/refugee-act-1980-statement-signing-s-643-into-law [^37]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522(e)(1)–(2) — the Director is authorized to provide assistance and reimbursement to States, and grants and contracts, for 100 per centum of the cash and medical assistance provided to a refugee during the thirty-six-month period from entry, with cash assistance to employable refugees conditioned on registration for employment services. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^38]: Sharon Park, *Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office, 1975–1986*, MNopedia — the Refugee Act of 1980 as a turning point: a permanent Office of Refugee Resettlement, a U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, federal aid to refugees formalized for thirty-six months, and authority to reimburse state and local public agencies directly or through contracts. https://www.mnopedia.org/group/indochinese-refugee-resettlement-office-1975-1986 [^39]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522(a)(1) — in providing assistance the Director is to make resources available for employment training and placement to achieve economic self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, provide English training, keep cash assistance from discouraging self-sufficiency and insure that women have the same opportunities as men in training; employable refugees to be placed on jobs soon after arrival. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^40]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522(a)(2)(A)–(B) — the Director and the agency administering initial resettlement shall consult regularly, not less often than quarterly, with State and local governments and private nonprofit voluntary agencies on the sponsorship process and the intended distribution of refugees among the States and localities, and shall develop placement and resettlement policies in consultation with them. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^41]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522(a)(2)(C) — placement policies, where practicable, are to avoid initial placement in an area highly impacted by refugees unless a close relative lives there, provide for quarterly meetings of voluntary-agency affiliates with State and local governments, and take into account the proportion of refugees in the area's population, jobs, housing, self-sufficiency and secondary migration. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^42]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522(a)(6) — as a condition of assistance a State must submit a plan describing how it will encourage resettlement and self-sufficiency and make language training and employment services available, designate a state employee to coordinate public and private resources, provide for unaccompanied refugee children and medical needs, meet federal standards and report annually on its funds. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^43]: Sharon Park, *Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office, 1975–1986*, MNopedia — the office became the Refugee Programs Office in 1981; the 1980 act's federal office could reimburse state and local agencies directly or through contracts, and the Minnesota office contracted with agencies, charities and church groups in Minneapolis and Hennepin County, serving an estimated 1,478 refugees with 898 job placements by 1982. https://www.mnopedia.org/group/indochinese-refugee-resettlement-office-1975-1986 [^44]: Executive Order 14163 (Jan. 20, 2025), secs. 2 and 3(d) — policy that public safety and national security be paramount and that State and local jurisdictions be granted a role, to the extent permitted by law, in determining refugee placement; directs a proposal for greater State and local involvement and compliance with the consultation requirements of 8 U.S.C. 1522(a)(2). https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/realigning-the-united-states-refugee-admissions-program/ [^45]: Sharon Park, *Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office, 1975–1986*, MNopedia — the office's coordination of federal and voluntary agencies; sponsorship by families, church groups and community organizations; Governor Anderson's advisory task force of social-service, state-department, refugee-association and private-sector members, its 1977 statewide questionnaire and its newsletter in English, Vietnamese, Khmer and Lao. https://www.mnopedia.org/group/indochinese-refugee-resettlement-office-1975-1986 [^46]: Minnesota Department of Health, *Refugee Health Statistics* — the surveillance purposes of the Refugee Health Program's data, and downloadable tables of primary refugee arrivals by world region, by county and by country of origin and county for eligible arrivals from 1999 through 2024, with health-screening data for the same years. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/rih/stats/index.html [^47]: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, "Minnesota Attorneys General" roster — Lord from Jan. 3, 1955; Mondale from May 4, 1960; Mattson from Dec. 30, 1964. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/mngov/attygen [^48]: U.S. Senate, *Minnesota: Senators* — service table: Humphrey to Dec. 29, 1964 (resigned) and from 1971 to Jan. 13, 1978 (died); Mondale from Dec. 30, 1964 to Dec. 30, 1976, appointed, then elected, resigned; Wendell R. Anderson appointed Dec. 30, 1976; Muriel B. Humphrey appointed Jan. 25, 1978. https://www.senate.gov/states/MN/senators.htm [^49]: Walter F. Mondale, Geneva address of July 21, 1979, prepared text (Mondale papers, Minnesota Historical Society), opening — recalls the conference at Evian on Lake Geneva forty-one years earlier, at which thirty-two nations met to save the Jews of Nazi Germany and Austria, recounts its failures and asks the delegates not to repeat its error. http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00697/pdf/UNSpeech19790721.pdf [^50]: Walter F. Mondale, Geneva address of July 21, 1979, prepared text — the commitments: more than 200,000 Indochinese already welcomed and another 168,000 to be welcomed in the coming year; a call to double resettlement and commit to multi-year programs; requests to Congress for processing centers, for the refugee commissioner's programs and for an international resettlement fund. http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00697/pdf/UNSpeech19790721.pdf [^51]: Executive Order 14163 (Jan. 20, 2025), secs. 4–5 — requires the Secretary of Homeland Security, with the Secretary of State, to report within 90 days and every 90 days thereafter on whether resuming refugee entry would be in the interests of the United States; revokes Executive Order 14013 of Feb. 4, 2021 on rebuilding refugee resettlement programs. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/realigning-the-united-states-refugee-admissions-program/ [^52]: Sharon Park, *Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office, 1975–1986*, MNopedia — the Indochinese Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 and its assistance program, under which refugees used local services distributed through the State and fully reimbursed by the federal government; Governor Anderson's aims and his December 1975 creation of an Indochinese Resettlement Office. https://www.mnopedia.org/group/indochinese-refugee-resettlement-office-1975-1986 [^53]: Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231, subd. 4 — an Interdepartmental Coordinating Council on Immigrant and Refugee Affairs, chaired by the assistant commissioner, with members from the governor's office, ten departments and offices including the Human Services Refugee Resettlement Programs Office, and three ethnic councils; each member department designates an immigrant and refugee services liaison. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/116J.4231 [^54]: Sharon Park, *Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Office, 1975–1986*, MNopedia, opening — about 750,000 refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos resettled in the United States between 1975 and 1986 through the parole and orderly-departure programs, with help from voluntary agencies, sponsors and the state office, and Minnesota was one of ten states that accepted the largest numbers. https://www.mnopedia.org/group/indochinese-refugee-resettlement-office-1975-1986 [^55]: Minnesota Department of Human Services, refugee resettlement program overview page — requested for this portal on Oct. 29, 2026; the server returned a bot-management challenge page in place of the content, which was not bypassed, so no statement on this portal rests on the page's text. https://mn.gov/dhs/partners-and-providers/program-overviews/refugee-resettlement/ [^56]: Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231, subd. 1 — establishes the Office of New Americans within the Department of Employment and Economic Development; the governor appoints an unclassified assistant commissioner who hires a program manager, an office assistant and other staff; states the office's purpose of immigrant and refugee inclusion. History: 2023 c 53 art 15 s 2. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/116J.4231 [^57]: Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231, subd. 2 — sixteen duties, including a statewide inclusion strategy, connecting employers and job seekers, reducing employment barriers, access to state services and grants, language-access practice, policy recommendations to the governor, and serving as a point of contact for immigrants and refugees dealing with professional licensing boards. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/116J.4231 [^58]: Minn. Stat. § 116J.4231, subds. 3, 5 and 6 — annual reports to the legislative committees with jurisdiction from Jan. 15, 2025, covering activities, proposed policies and legislation and grants awarded; no right or benefit enforceable at law or in equity against the State; authority to apply for grants for agencies and partners. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/116J.4231 [^59]: Minnesota Department of Health, *Refugee Health Statistics* — defines primary refugees as arrivals who initially resettled in Minnesota; dates arrival by U.S. arrival or grant of status; counts refugees, asylees, special immigrant visa holders, victims of trafficking, Amerasians, Cuban and Haitian entrants and humanitarian parolees; excludes from eligible arrivals those who moved away or were not located. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/rih/stats/index.html [^60]: Minnesota record, *MN_Refugee_Arrivals_1999_2024.csv* (New Minnesotans Regime folder) — a table of refugee arrivals to Minnesota by country of origin and year, 1999 through 2024, with no statement of its source, compiler or definitions; not used for any figure in this portal because its provenance is not stated in the file. [^61]: Minnesota Department of Health, Refugee Health Program, *Refugee Health Statistics* (updated Nov. 7, 2025) — defines primary refugee arrivals as arrivals who initially resettled in Minnesota, lists the statuses counted, and publishes arrival data by world region, county and country of origin for eligible arrivals from 1999 through 2024, with screening data. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/rih/stats/index.html [^62]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, S.F. 1236 (2013), House actions — received from the Senate April 18, 2013; passed as amended 86–44 on April 25; conferees Pelowski, Winkler, Rosenthal, Dorholt and Nornes; conference report adopted and the bill repassed 76–56 on May 17; presented May 21 and approved May 24, with a line-item veto. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/88/2013/0/SF/1236 [^63]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, H.F. 2073 (2023), Senate actions — received from the House April 13, 2023; passed as amended 36–31 on April 18; conferees Fateh, Oumou Verbeten and Putnam; conference report adopted and the bill repassed 34–30 on May 10; presented May 23 and approved May 24, 2023; chapter 41. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/93/2023/0/HF/2073 [^64]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, H.F. 4 (2023), Senate actions — received from the House Feb. 1, 2023; referred to Judiciary and Public Safety, then State and Local Government and Veterans and Finance; passed 34–31 on Feb. 21 as amended; presented March 6 and approved March 7, 2023; chapter 13; effective dates various. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/93/2023/0/HF/4 [^66]: Laws of Minnesota 2013, ch. 99, art. 4, secs. 1–2 and 4 — the Prosperity Act: § 135A.043, resident tuition, with the Regents requested to adopt an implementing policy; § 135A.044, private scholarship aid for students eligible for resident tuition; and repeal of a rule item, each effective July 1, 2013. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2013/0/Session+Law/Chapter/99/ [^67]: Laws of Minnesota 2013, ch. 99, art. 4, sec. 3 — amends § 136A.101, subd. 8, the state-grant definition of resident student, which already included a person defined as a refugee under federal law who moved to Minnesota on arrival and stayed, to add a student eligible for resident tuition under § 135A.043; effective July 1, 2013. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2013/0/Session+Law/Chapter/99/ [^68]: Minn. Stat. § 135A.043, paras. (b)–(c) (2025) — the section is in addition to any other statute, rule or institutional policy providing eligibility for resident tuition, and the Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota is requested to adopt a policy implementing it; history line Laws 2013, ch. 99, art. 4, sec. 1. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/135A.043 [^69]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, S.F. 1236 (2013), Senate actions — introduced March 11, 2013 by Bonoff, Clausen and Dziedzic; passed 46–18 on April 17; refused to concur in House amendments April 25; conferees Bonoff, Clausen, Miller, Pappas and Eken; conference report adopted and the bill repassed 44–22 on May 17, 2013. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/88/2013/0/SF/1236 [^70]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, S.F. 1236 (88th Legislature, 2013), omnibus higher education appropriations bill — authors Bonoff, Clausen and Dziedzic; Senate passage 46–18 on April 17; House passage as amended 86–44 on April 25; conference report adopted and the bill repassed May 17 by 44–22 in the Senate and 76–56 in the House; approved May 24, 2013. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/88/2013/0/SF/1236 [^71]: Complaint, *United States v. Walz*, No. 0:25-cv-02668, counts and prayer for relief — declarations that the challenged provisions, as applied to aliens not lawfully present, violate the Supremacy Clause and are invalid, and permanent injunctions barring the defendants and their successors from enforcing them as so applied. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1404576/dl [^72]: Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, *United States v. Walz*, case summary (last updated Feb. 3, 2026) — the State's motion of July 23, 2025: the laws do not provide benefits on the basis of residence; they are available to nonresident citizens meeting the same criteria; § 1623 lacks preemptive force under *Murphy v. NCAA*; Tenth Amendment concerns; standing. https://clearinghouse.net/case/46742/ [^73]: Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465 (2025), North Star Promise — scholarships from fall 2024 for resident students under § 136A.101, subd. 8, with family adjusted gross income below $80,000, covering tuition and fees left after gift aid, at public institutions and Tribal colleges; history from 2023 c 41 art 2 s 19 through amendments in 2024, 2025 and 2026. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/136A.1465 [^74]: Complaint, *United States v. Walz*, No. 0:25-cv-02668, account of North Star Promise — the program enacted in 2023 by Laws 2023, ch. 41, art. 2, § 19, effective July 1, 2024, as a free-tuition scholarship administered by the Office of Higher Education; alleges the office directs undocumented students to complete the Minnesota Dream Act application to apply. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1404576/dl [^75]: Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465, subd. 3 — beginning in the fall term of 2024–2025, scholarships of up to 100 percent of tuition and fees after gift aid is deducted; for 2024–2027, if funds remain, supplemental grants of up to half the student's Pell amount, not exceeding the recognized cost of attendance, adjustable by the commissioner. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/136A.1465 [^76]: Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465, subds. 1 and 1a — eligible student means a resident student under § 136A.101, subd. 8, enrolled in a public postsecondary institution or Tribal college; gift aid and tuition and fees defined; the Minnesota State board must, and the Regents are requested to, charge resident tuition to all students eligible for North Star Promise. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/136A.1465 [^77]: Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465, subd. 2 — a North Star Promise scholarship may be awarded to an eligible student who completed the federal or state aid application, has family adjusted gross income below $80,000, has a secondary diploma or equivalent, lacks a first baccalaureate degree, is enrolled for credit in a degree program and meets loan, child-support and academic-progress conditions. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/136A.1465 [^78]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 41, art. 1, appropriations to the Office of Higher Education — transfer of $117,226,000 in the second year from the general fund to the North Star Promise account in the special revenue fund, with a base of $49,500,000 from fiscal year 2026, and $496,000 and $202,000 for administration and promotion. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/41/ [^79]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, H.F. 2073 (2023), House actions — introduced Feb. 20, 2023; reported through Higher Education Finance and Policy and Ways and Means; passed as amended 69–58 on April 12; refused to concur in Senate amendments April 18; conferees Pelowski, Wolgamott and O'Neill; conference report adopted and the bill repassed 69–62 on May 9. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/93/2023/0/HF/2073 [^80]: Minn. Stat. § 136A.1465 (2025), history line — enacted by Laws 2023, ch. 41, art. 2, sec. 19, and amended by Laws 2024, ch. 124 and ch. 127, by Laws 2025, first special session, ch. 5, and by Laws 2026, ch. 116; subdivisions on institutional aid and the program account. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/136A.1465 [^81]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, H.F. 4 (93rd Legislature, 2023), noncompliant driver's license and Minnesota identification card requirements — chief author Gomez with 34 House co-authors and Senate author Mohamed; House passage 69–60 on Jan. 30; Senate passage 34–31 on Feb. 21; House repassage 70–60 on March 2; governor's approval March 7, 2023. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/93/2023/0/HF/4 [^82]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 13, art. 1, amending § 171.06, subds. 1 and 3 — every application must be in an approved format with the proper fee; applications for REAL ID-compliant licenses and cards must show principal Minnesota residence, a Social Security number and lawful status as defined in federal regulation; enhanced licenses require citizenship. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/13/ [^83]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 13, art. 1, secs. 10–11 — new § 171.1205: a state agency or political subdivision must not use possession of a noncompliant license or card as evidence of citizenship or lawful presence or as the primary basis for investigation, detention or arrest; appropriations of $1,453,000 for fiscal 2024 and $1,413,000 for fiscal 2025. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/13/ [^84]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 13, art. 2 — before disclosing noncompliant-license data to a requester other than the subject, the commissioner must obtain a certification that the data will not be used for civil immigration enforcement or given to an agency that primarily enforces immigration law, with penalties; § 171.12, subd. 11(d), bars such sharing with federal immigration agencies except under a valid search warrant or court order issued by a state or federal judge. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/13/ [^85]: Laws of Minnesota 2023, ch. 13, art. 2, sec. 2, amending § 168.327, subd. 6 — each driver and vehicle data subscriber must have an independent annual audit of its uses of data and security, including its compliance with the certification required under § 171.12, subd. 7b, and submit the report to the legislative auditor and the commissioner. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/13/ [^86]: Complaint, *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798, ¶¶ 55–58 and Count Two — §§ 171.12, subd. 7b(e) and subd. 11(c)–(d), and 168.327, subd. 6, alleged to conflict with 8 U.S.C. §§ 1373 and 1644; a footnote says the certification first appeared at paragraph (d) and moved to (e) in 2024, ch. 104. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1415681/dl [^87]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, H.F. 4 (2023), House actions — introduced Jan. 4, 2023 and referred to Transportation Finance and Policy; reported to Judiciary Finance and Civil Law and to Ways and Means; passed 69–60 on Jan. 30; returned from the Senate with amendment March 2; concurred and repassed 70–60 the same day. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/93/2023/0/HF/4 [^88]: Laws of Minnesota 2020, ch. 76 (H.F. 745), an act relating to marriage — eliminates the provisions allowing marriage by minors with parental or court consent, sets eighteen as the age of capacity in § 517.02 and requires proof of age for a license; presented to and signed by the governor on May 12, 2020. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2020/0/Session+Law/Chapter/76/ [^92]: Minnesota record, *Diaspora Mating* files (New Minnesotans Regime folder; eleven essays and research notes) — essays on minimum-marriage-age law citing Laws 2020, ch. 76, and Minn. Stat. § 517.02, framed in terms of particular immigrant communities; only the statutes they cite are used in this portal, read from the Revisor's text. [^93]: 8 U.S.C. § 1623 (2023 ed.), enacted as § 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 — an alien not lawfully present shall not be eligible on the basis of residence within a State for any postsecondary education benefit unless citizens are eligible without regard to residence; effective for benefits from July 1, 1998. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap14-subchapII-sec1623.htm [^94]: Complaint, *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798, prayer for relief — a judgment declaring invalid under the Supremacy Clause article I, section 10 as applied to voluntary detainer holds and § 1357(g) functions, §§ 171.12, subds. 7b(e) and 11(c)–(d), 168.327, subd. 6, and the listed city and county provisions, with injunctions. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1415681/dl [^95]: 8 U.S.C. § 1623(b) and notes (2023 ed.) — the limitation applies to benefits provided on or after July 1, 1998; the section was enacted on Sept. 30, 1996 as part of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-208, div. C, title V, § 505, 110 Stat. 3009-672. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap14-subchapII-sec1623.htm [^96]: Complaint, *United States v. Walz*, No. 0:25-cv-02668, introduction — federal law prohibits States from providing aliens not lawfully present with any postsecondary benefit denied to citizens; the prohibition is described as categorical; §§ 135A.043 and 136A.1465 are said to classify such aliens as residents for reduced and free tuition. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1404576/dl [^97]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, *The Justice Department Files Complaint Challenging Minnesota Laws Providing In-State Tuition Benefits for Illegal Aliens* (June 25, 2025) — announces the suit in the District of Minnesota, says the laws discriminate against citizens, and cites a recent result against Texas on a similar law. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-complaint-challenging-minnesota-laws-providing-state-tuition [^98]: Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, *United States v. Walz*, case summary and people — the case assigned to Judge Katherine M. Menendez; the Civil Division and Office of Immigration Litigation for the United States; the motion hearing of Dec. 10, 2025; amicus participation; docket links to CourtListener and the Eighth Circuit. https://clearinghouse.net/case/46742/ [^99]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, *Justice Department Sues Minnesota Over Sanctuary Policies*, press release 25-962 (Sept. 29, 2025) — names the State, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Hennepin County, Attorney General Ellison and Sheriff Witt as defendants; quotes Attorney General Bondi; notes her Aug. 5, 2025 list of sanctuary jurisdictions, which included Minnesota. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-minnesota-over-sanctuary-policies [^100]: Complaint, *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798, ¶¶ 51–54 and Count One — article I, section 10 of the Minnesota Constitution and Attorney General Advisory Opinion 3a-20250206 of Feb. 6, 2025, alleged to bar detentions on immigration detainers under 8 C.F.R. § 287.7(d) and § 1357(g) functions, and to be preempted under the Supremacy Clause. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1415681/dl [^101]: Office of the Minnesota Attorney General, Advisory Opinion 3a-20250206 (Feb. 6, 2025), to the Ramsey County Attorney under Minn. Stat. § 8.07 — concludes that Minnesota law prohibits state and local law enforcement agencies from holding someone on an immigration detainer if the person would otherwise be released, treating continued detention as an arrest. https://www.ag.state.mn.us/office/opinions/3a-20250206.pdf [^102]: Minnesota Attorney General, Advisory Opinion 3a-20250206 (Feb. 6, 2025), background — the Ramsey County Attorney's letter of Jan. 13, 2025; that office's 2014 review; the Court of Appeals' nonprecedential 2019 decision in *Esparza v. Nobles County* affirming a temporary injunction against detainer holds; ICE's detainer form I-247A with administrative warrants. https://www.ag.state.mn.us/office/opinions/3a-20250206.pdf [^103]: Minnesota Attorney General, Advisory Opinion 3a-20250206 (Feb. 6, 2025), summary and analysis — concludes that continued detention of a person who would otherwise be released is an arrest, and that neither Minnesota law nor federal law gives state and local officials authority to arrest someone on an immigration detainer. https://www.ag.state.mn.us/office/opinions/3a-20250206.pdf [^104]: Complaint, *United States v. State of Minnesota et al.*, No. 0:25-cv-03798, later counts — Minneapolis Code ch. 19.30 and 19.60 and St. Paul Code ch. 44.02, 44.03 and 44.06, alleged to restrict sharing of immigration-status information and questioning or detention for civil immigration violations, and Hennepin County Sheriff's Administrative Directive 21-02; intergovernmental-immunity claims. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1415681/dl [^105]: Wikipedia, *Operation Metro Surge* (retrieved Oct. 29, 2026; secondary, CC BY-SA 4.0) — dates the operation Dec. 4, 2025 to Feb. 12, 2026; DHS's January expansion; Chief Judge Schiltz's Jan. 28 finding on violated court orders; the State's suit, No. 0:26-cv-00190, before Judge Menendez, who denied a preliminary injunction on Jan. 31. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Metro_Surge [^106]: Wikipedia, *Operation Metro Surge* (retrieved Oct. 29, 2026; secondary), infobox and overview — dates the operation Dec. 4, 2025 to Feb. 12, 2026; DHS's announcement on Dec. 4 and its Jan. 6, 2026 expansion sending 2,000 agents, described by DHS as the largest immigration enforcement operation ever carried out. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Metro_Surge [^107]: Wikipedia, *Operation Metro Surge* (retrieved Oct. 29, 2026; secondary) — Chief Judge Patrick Schiltz's Jan. 28, 2026 finding that ICE violated at least 96 court orders in Minnesota since Jan. 1; Judge Jerry W. Blackwell's Feb. 3 statement that most cases ICE brought before him involved people lawfully present; the operation's end in February and the residual force. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Metro_Surge [^108]: Office of the Minnesota Attorney General, release of Jan. 12, 2026 — the State and the cities ask the court to end Operation Metro Surge and the deployment of thousands of agents, and to stop arrests and force against bystanders and enforcement actions at schools, churches and hospitals, citing diverted police and emergency resources and school lockdowns. https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/Communications/2026/01/12_ICE.asp [^109]: Office of the Minnesota Attorney General, release of Jan. 12, 2026 on the suit against the Department of Homeland Security — quotes Attorney General Ellison that the deployment is hurting Minnesota and that this federal invasion of the Twin Cities has to stop, and quotes the mayors of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/Communications/2026/01/12_ICE.asp [^110]: 8 U.S.C. § 1522(a)(4)–(5) — the Director may not delegate to a State or political subdivision the authority to review or approve grants or contracts under the subchapter; assistance and services funded under the section shall be provided to refugees without regard to race, religion, nationality, sex, or political opinion. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title8/html/USCODE-2023-title8-chap12-subchapIV-sec1522.htm [^111]: Minnesota Legislature, bill status, H.F. 2073 (93rd Legislature, 2023), higher education finance and policy bill — chief authors Pelowski and Fateh; House passage 69–58 on April 12; Senate passage 36–31 on April 18; conference report adopted and the bill repassed 69–62 in the House on May 9 and 34–30 in the Senate on May 10; governor's approval May 24, 2023. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/93/2023/0/HF/2073