Everything strange about [[Helium-3]] descends from one missing neutron. [[Helium-4]] is two protons and two neutrons — an even number of [[Fermion|fermions]], so the nucleus is a [[Boson|boson]] with [[Spin_(physics)|nuclear spin]] 0. Helium-3 is two protons and one neutron: an odd number, so it is a fermion with spin ½. That single fact is why it will not Bose-condense, why its superfluid transition sits a thousandfold colder than helium-4's, why it can cool a [[Dilution_refrigerator|dilution refrigerator]] to millikelvin, why it counts [[Neutron|neutrons]], why it can be [[Spin_polarization|spin-polarized]] for imaging, and why [[Aneutronic_fusion|aneutronic fusion]] wants it. This portal is organised around that descent. The second thing to know is that there is almost none of it. Essentially all commercial helium-3 is the [[Beta_decay|beta-decay]] daughter of [[Tritium|tritium]] harvested from weapons reservoirs — a supply chain that is an artefact of [[Cold_War]] and [[Nuclear_weapon|nuclear-weapon]] policy rather than of geology — the [[Natural_abundance|natural abundance]] on Earth is a few parts per million of a gas that is itself 5 ppm of the [[Atmosphere_of_Earth|atmosphere]] — which is why the [[Lunar_resources|Moon]] keeps appearing in every long-range supply map, and why the arithmetic of getting it back down is worth doing carefully. Parent door: [[PORTAL_Helium]]. Energy door: [[PORTAL_Energy]]. Index: [[PORTAL_INDEX]]. **Portal order (§15).** three.js microsims first, then the prose, then the generated tree. Craft standard: [[WT!Three_js_Microsim_Master_Class]]. ## Movement I — three.js microsims (first, per the spine rule) <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Cryogenics.html" data-title="Cryogenics"></div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> Seven **Master/Meta** builds, one per leg of what helium-3 actually is: the statistics, the exotic condensate, the machine, the energy dream, the supply reality, the real market, the medical use. Each is a self-contained three.js file built to the nine gates, and every number in every HUD is measured from the running simulation rather than asserted. Between them they touch most of what the [[Isotope|isotope]] is for: [[Cryogenics]], [[Nuclear_physics]], [[Nuclear_reaction|nuclear reactions]], [[Lunar_resources|lunar resources]] and [[Nuclear_magnetic_resonance|magnetic resonance]]. > **Deploy state.** All seven are built and deploy-ready in `_3d_deploy_stage/`. That folder *is* the > live site, but the Netlify drop has not run since they landed, so their players are quarantined > behind `MICROSIM:PENDING_DEPLOY` markers rather than left to render a 404 (Master Class, > "Publishing and the deploy reality"). Drop the **entire** `_3d_deploy_stage/` folder — a partial > drop silently deletes everything it does not contain — then clear the markers with > `g08 --undeploy-clear` and all seven players go live in place, here and on the seven articles. ### 1 · [[Helium-3]] — one neutron flips the statistics <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium-3.html" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Helium-3 — three.js microsim"></iframe> **`Helium-3` (three.js).** Two momentum-space clouds side by side on a common absolute *k* axis, He-4 left and He-3 right, driven by one logarithmic temperature slider running 10 K down to 1 mK. Cool them together: the bosons collapse into a bright bead at *k* = 0 with a shrinking thermal halo, while the fermions refuse — Pauli exclusion fills states outward to *k*_F and the cloud merely sharpens its edge. Occupations are sampled from real Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac distributions — the [[Bose–Einstein_condensate|condensate]] on one side, the degenerate [[Fermion|Fermi]] sea on the other — with the chemical potential solved by bisection on a number integral to conserve particle count, integrated in *k* rather than *E* so the Bose singularity cancels exactly: the condensate fraction reproduces 1 − (T/T_c)^3/2 to ~1e-9 and μ/E_F matches the Sommerfeld expansion to ~1e-8. Below the pairing onset, chords join (**k**, −**k**) antipodes and the BCS coherence factor smears the edge. The HUD keeps both [[Spin_quantum_number|spin]] labels on screen at all times, because they are the cause of everything else on screen — and it prints both transition temperatures **with their pressures stated**, which is exactly what the common quotations omit. ### 2 · [[Superfluidity]] — the gap becomes a shape <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Superfluidity.html" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Superfluidity — three.js microsim"></iframe> **`Superfluidity` (three.js).** The rendered sphere's radius *is* the energy gap |Δ(**k̂**)| on the Fermi surface — not a real-space shape, which is the misreading worth heading off — with a wire cage at the bare Fermi radius so the bulge beyond the cage is literally the gap, and the cage shows through wherever the gap vanishes. Switch between s-wave [[BCS_theory|BCS]] — the [[Superconductivity|superconducting]] case, built on [[Cooper_pair|Cooper pairs]] with zero net [[Angular_momentum|angular momentum]] — the **A phase** (ABM axial: pinched to zero at two antipodal point nodes) and the **B phase** (BW: the same radius, distinguished only by its d-vector texture). The gap closes as *T* → *T*_c from a numerically solved BCS gap equation rather than the usual `tanh` fit — reduced to a cutoff-free form and bisected into a table that reproduces Mühlschlegel's published values exactly (0.9569 at *t* = 0.5, 0.7110 at 0.8, 0.5263 at 0.9). Because the geometry places exact vertices on the l-axis poles, the HUD's min|Δ|/max|Δ|, scanned from the actual 5,429-element gap array, reads exactly **0.00** for the A phase and **1.00** for the other two: the numeric signature of the point nodes. A quantized vortex in the real-space panel carries the circulation quantum, *h*/2*m*₃ for paired helium-3 against *h*/*m*₄ for helium-4. ### 3 · [[Dilution_refrigerator]] — the 6.6% that never freezes out <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Dilution_refrigerator.html" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Dilution refrigerator — three.js microsim"></iframe> **`Dilution_refrigerator` (three.js).** The machine, built in 3-D and actually running: condenser, primary impedance, still, counterflow heat exchangers, mixing chamber, and the return path. Helium-3 circulates as instanced particles; [[Helium-4|helium-4]] stays put in the dilute phase, which is the misconception most worth killing. In the mixing chamber the [[Phase_transition|phase boundary]] is explicit, with atoms visibly crossing downward and each crossing flashing as an absorption event — that crossing is the entire refrigerator. Four sliders (circulation rate, heat load, still temperature, exchanger effectiveness) feed a lumped steady-state solve for the base temperature: 9.2 mK at defaults, 88 mK under 100 µW, 275 mK under 1 mW — a temperature ratio of 3.12 for a load ratio of 9.76, which is the *T*² law falling out of the model rather than being printed by it. A live phase-diagram panel marks the operating point and its tie line, and the tie line collapses to zero length at the tricritical apex when the mixture becomes miscible, at which point the boundary and the crossings genuinely disappear from the scene. The HUD shows the full cooling-power balance and displays negative net cooling in red rather than clamping it at zero. ### 4 · [[Aneutronic_fusion]] — charged products curve, neutrons do not <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Aneutronic_fusion.html" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Aneutronic fusion — three.js microsim"></iframe> **`Aneutronic_fusion` (three.js).** A [[Magnetic_confinement_fusion|magnetised]] cylinder — 0.5 m radius, 2 m long, real SI internally at 16 units per metre, so every gyroradius on screen is the true one. Charged products spiral on a Boris push with the exact half-angle rotation, conserving |*v*| to machine precision, and stream to direct-conversion rings at the ends; [[Neutron|neutrons]] ignore the field entirely, fly dead straight, punch through the wall and leave a strike mark. Reactivities use the Bosch–Hale 1992 parameterisation verified against the NRL formulary — the same curves that govern [[ITER]] and every other [[Magnetic_confinement_fusion|magnetically confined]] design, and the Q-values and product energies are *computed* from a nuclear mass table rather than typed in. The live neutron power fraction accumulates from actual events: **0.7987** for [[Deuterium–tritium_fusion|D–T]], exactly **0.0000** for pure D–³He, and **0.07–0.08** once the D–D side reactions are switched on. That number moving off zero is the honest heart of the sim, and it is the whole reason the "aneutronic" claim needs its assumptions stated — a point that applies equally to [[Dense_plasma_focus]], [[Polywell]] and [[Fusor|fusor]] schemes that advertise the fuel. [[Magnetic_confinement_fusion|Field strength]] is physically live too: at 1 T the 55 cm proton gyroradius exceeds the 50 cm wall and 76% of the energy goes to wall heat; at 12 T it is 4.6 cm and only 15% does. ### 5 · [[Lunar_resources]] — it is on the Moon, not in it <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?obj=heliosphere&amp;embed=1" data-title="The edge of the heliosphere in the Solar System explorer"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?obj=Moon&amp;embed=1" data-title="The Moon in the Solar System explorer"></div> </div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Lunar_resources.html" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Lunar resources — three.js microsim"></iframe> **`Lunar_resources` (three.js).** [[Solar_wind|Solar-wind]] helium is implanted only tens of nanometres into the rind of each [[Lunar_regolith|lunar regolith]] grain — the founding fact of every [[In_situ_resource_utilization|in-situ resource utilization]] scheme for the [[Moon]] — so the grade scales with *surface area*, not volume — and in this sim that fact falls out of the geometry rather than a lookup table. A 30 nm rind (exaggerated 100× and labelled as such on screen) sits on grains in a fixed 200 µm window, so shrinking the grains visibly shrinks them while the rind does not: 27.9 ppb at 20 µm against 8.00 ppb at 70 µm and 3.50 ppb at 160 µm, with the derived areal density *identical* across grain sizes, which is the proof that it is a real surface model. Ion tracers ray-cast against the grain cluster, so 100% of early implantation lands on sunward faces and gardening slowly turns the grain over — the maturity argument, measured rather than asserted. A site-scale view runs an excavator and totals [[Tonne|tonnes]] moved against [[Gram|grams]] recovered, thermal energy in against fusion energy out, and the verdict genuinely swings across the sourced abundance range: 6.5× net positive at 8 ppb and 700 °C, marginal at 1.4 ppb, net negative at 1.4 ppb and 900 °C. At defaults it prints the number that ought to govern the whole debate — **16.3 years and 26.2 km² of continuous mining for one tonne.** ### 6 · [[Neutron_detection]] — turning a neutral into two charges <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Neutron_detection.html" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Neutron detection — three.js microsim"></iframe> **`Neutron_detection` (three.js).** A helium-3 proportional counter in which nothing is faked. Capture depth is sampled by inverse transform from exp(−*n*σ*x*), so at 20 atm the captures visibly pile against the entrance wall; the [[Proton|proton]] and triton launch back-to-back at 573 and 191 keV inside a [[Proportional_counter|proportional counter]]; and deposited energy for a clipped track comes from the residual-range relation, so the ion-pair markers trace d*E*/d*x* and reproduce the Bragg profile for free. A live pulse-height spectrum accumulates on a backboard from actual events — the same measurement a [[Geiger–Müller_tube|Geiger tube]] cannot make, because it cannot tell you the energy. Drop to 1 atm in a 1 cm tube and the 45 mm proton range exceeds the radius ninefold: **100%** of events are wall-clipped, the full-energy peak vanishes entirely, and only a continuum remains. Set the neutron energy to 1 MeV and σ falls from 5,330 b to 0.845 b — the neutrons pour straight through and the HUD reads `TRANSPARENT TO THESE NEUTRONS`, which is why every portal monitor wraps itself in polyethylene. Predicted and measured efficiency are printed side by side so you can watch one converge on the other. ### 7 · [[Hyperpolarization_(physics)]] — five orders of magnitude, spent once <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hyperpolarization_%28physics%29.html" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Hyperpolarization (physics) — three.js microsim"></iframe> **`Hyperpolarization_(physics)` (three.js).** An ensemble of helium-3 nuclear spins about *B*₀ at the [[Gyromagnetic_ratio|gyromagnetic]] Larmor rate, with the net magnetisation drawn as a vector whose length is the actual vector sum — so the arrow and the HUD number are the same quantity. At thermal equilibrium the arrow is invisible and the HUD says why, evaluating *P* = tanh(μ*B*/*kT*) live: **7.53×10⁻⁶** at 3 T and 310 K. Switch on MEOP or SEOP — both driven by [[Circular_polarization|circularly polarized]] light, one of them via a [[Rubidium|rubidium]] vapour — and the enhancement factor climbs about five decades. Then the honest half, which is what makes this technique unlike ordinary [[Nuclear_magnetic_resonance|NMR]]: *T*₁ runs continuously with an oxygen slider that collapses it from hundreds of hours in a sealed cell to ~20 s in an alveolus, and every RF pulse *permanently spends* polarization — implemented as a true Bloch rotation, so rapid pulses correctly compose. A lung panel — the [[Asthma|asthma]] and [[Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease|COPD]] application that made the technique famous — fills in a few pulses when hyperpolarized, stays black forever at thermal equilibrium, and finally reads `EXHAUSTED — spent, and not renewable`. ## The one fact everything descends from <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Intermolecular_force.html" data-title="Intermolecular force"></div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> A composite particle is a boson if it contains an even number of fermions and a fermion if it contains an odd number. The helium-4 atom holds 2 [[Proton|protons]] + 2 [[Neutron|neutrons]] + 2 [[Electron|electrons]] = six fermions, so it is a boson; the helium-3 atom — one fewer in its [[Neutron_number|neutron number]] — holds five, so it is a fermion. Both are [[Stable_nuclide|stable nuclides]] and both appear among the [[Isotopes_of_helium|isotopes of helium]]; nothing else about them differs in any way that matters. [[Spin_(physics)|Nuclear spin]] follows: *I* = 0 for helium-4, *I* = ½ for helium-3, and with it a [[Gyromagnetic_ratio|gyromagnetic ratio]] that helium-4 simply does not have. That is the whole of the difference between the two isotopes at the level that matters, and it is enough to produce every entry in this portal. This is a statement of [[Quantum_mechanics|quantum mechanics]] and spin-statistics, not an empirical coincidence, and it is why the two isotopes sit in different rows of any [[List_of_nuclides|nuclide table]] despite differing by one particle. Because helium-4 atoms are bosons they can occupy one quantum state together, and they do so at the lambda point — **2.1768 K at 5041.8 Pa** on ITS-90, of which the commonly seen "2.17 K" and "2.172 K" are truncations. Helium-3 atoms cannot. To become superfluid they must first form [[Cooper_pair|Cooper pairs]], and pairing is a far weaker effect, so the [[Phase_transition|transition]] sits roughly a thousandfold colder. Both isotopes remain liquid to absolute zero at saturated vapour pressure; the [[Critical_point_(thermodynamics)|critical point]] of helium-3 lies at 3.3 K, below helium-4's 5.2 K, because the lighter [[Atomic_mass|atomic mass]] means larger [[Zero-point_energy|zero-point]] motion and weaker binding by the same [[Intermolecular_force|intermolecular forces]]. Because helium-3 has a nonzero [[Spin_quantum_number|spin quantum number]] it can be polarized, addressed by [[Nuclear_magnetic_resonance|NMR]], used as a magnetometric medium, scattered off surfaces in [[Helium-3_surface_spin_echo|spin-echo]] experiments and imaged — none of which helium-4 can do at all. It also carries [[Zero-point_energy|zero-point energy]] enough that neither isotope solidifies under its own vapour pressure at any temperature. Because a helium-3 atom is more strongly bound in a helium-4 background than in bulk liquid helium-3, it stays soluble down to absolute zero, which is the [[Dilution_refrigerator|dilution refrigerator]]. And because the [[Helion_(chemistry)|helion]] carries an odd neutron it has an enormous appetite for one more, which is the [[Neutron_detection|neutron counter]]. Even the [[Helium_dimer|helium dimer]] and [[Helium_trimer|trimer]] — the most weakly bound molecules known — behave differently between the two isotopes for the same reason. ## The quantum fluid, with its pressures stated <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Superfluidity.html" data-title="Superfluidity"></div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> Helium-3 is the archetype of [[Superfluidity|superfluidity]] in a [[Fermion|Fermi]] system, and this is the part of the subject most often quoted wrongly, so the correction is worth making prominently. Every figure below is a [[Standard_temperature_and_pressure|state point]], meaningless without its pressure. | Transition | Greywall 1986 | PLTS-2000 (official) | Pressure | |---|---:|---:|---| | *T*_c (A) at melting pressure | 2.491 mK | 2.444 mK | 34.338 bar | | *T*_AB at melting pressure | 1.932 mK | 1.896 mK | 34.358 bar | | *T*_c at **zero pressure** | **0.929 mK** | **0.908 mK** | 0 bar | | Polycritical point | — | 2.273 mK | 21.22 bar | Three corrections follow directly. First, "superfluid helium-3 transitions at 2.491 mK" — as English Wikipedia states it, with no pressure — is **wrong as given**: that is the A transition at *melting pressure*. Second, **there is no A phase at zero pressure at all**: in zero field the A phase exists only above the polycritical point at 21.22 bar, so at saturated vapour pressure the transition runs normal → B directly. Third, the "~2.7 mK" of the discovery papers is a pre-1986 temperature-scale artefact, and Greywall says so himself. A fourth trap is purely numerical: Greywall's solid Néel transition at 0.931 mK and the zero-pressure *T*_c at 0.929 mK are nearly identical numbers describing physically unrelated things, and they are swapped constantly. The discovery itself is also routinely mis-told, and it happened in a [[Physical_Review_Letters|journal]] record that is easy to check. [[Douglas_Osheroff]], [[Robert_Coleman_Richardson]] and [[David_Lee_(physicist)]] published *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **28**, 885 (1972) under the title "Evidence for a New Phase of Solid He³" — they attributed the cooling-curve features to the **solid**. The liquid identification came in the second paper, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **29**, 920. [[Anthony_Leggett]] supplied the theory of the phases, work first announced in [[Physical_Review_Letters]] and developed over the following decade. The 1996 [[Nobel_Prize_in_Physics]] went to Lee, Osheroff and Richardson; the 2003 prize went to Leggett, with [[Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)]] and [[Vitaly_Ginzburg]]. What makes superfluid helium-3 matter beyond its own temperature range is that the pairing is unconventional: [[Azimuthal_quantum_number|*L*]] = 1, *S* = 1 — one unit of orbital [[Angular_momentum|angular momentum]] and a spin-triplet — so the order parameter is a 3×3 matrix rather than a complex scalar, the gap depends on direction on the Fermi surface, and the condensate has texture, anisotropy and distinct phases. It is the best-understood unconventional paired condensate in physics, and therefore the working template for p-wave [[Superconductivity|superconductors]], topological superfluids and neutron-star interiors. The working literature lives largely in the [[Journal_of_Low_Temperature_Physics]], and the temperatures involved sit at the extreme end of the [[Orders_of_magnitude_(temperature)|temperature scale]] — four decades below the [[Kelvin|kelvin]]. ## The machine, and why it has no rival <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Phase_(matter).html" data-title="Phase (matter)"></div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> Below the [[Critical_point_(thermodynamics)|tricritical point]] — **0.8669 ± 0.0005 K at *x*₃ = 0.6716 ± 0.0014** (Kierstead 1979) — a liquid helium-3/helium-4 mixture undergoes a [[Phase_(matter)|phase]] separation into a nearly pure helium-3 phase floating on a helium-4-rich dilute phase. The load-bearing fact is that the dilute phase keeps a *finite* helium-3 concentration all the way to absolute zero — customarily **≈6.6%** at saturated vapour pressure, though the literature honestly spreads 6.4–6.6% and Oxford Instruments' own guide says 6.4%. It stays finite because a helium-3 atom is more strongly bound in the helium-4 background than in bulk liquid helium-3, and below a critical concentration that binding gain outweighs the Fermi-degeneracy cost of adding atoms to the dilute Fermi sea. So helium-3 can go on crossing the boundary forever, and each crossing absorbs [[Thermal_energy|thermal energy]] from its surroundings. The [[Evaporative_cooler|evaporative]] alternative cannot: its vapour pressure dies exponentially, and it strands at about 0.3 K. The enthalpy difference goes as *T*², which gives the cooling power law **Q̇ = 84 ṅ₃*T*²** — watts, with ṅ₃ in mol s⁻¹ and *T* in kelvin — or, more accurately, Q̇ = ṅ₃(95*T*_mc² − 11*T*_ex²). The *T*² is a tax: halve the temperature and you quarter the cooling. But it does not vanish *exponentially* the way evaporative cooling does, and that is the whole reason this is the only continuous technique below about 0.3 K. The [[1-K_pot|1 K pot]] that condenses the incoming stream is the last stage that works by [[Adsorption|conventional]] means; everything colder is dilution. Heinz London proposed it at the 1951 Oxford low-temperature conference and set it out in detail in London, Clarke & Mendoza, *Phys. Rev.* **128**, 1992 (1962). The first working machine was built at the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium in Leiden in 1964 and published in 1965, reaching 0.22 K; its title — "A Realization of a London-Clarke-Mendoza Type Refrigerator" — settles the attribution. Thirteen years separated proposal from machine, and the obstacle was the counterflow heat exchangers, not the idea. [[Cryogenics|Cryogenic]] practice has moved on since: modern cryogen-free systems reach ~10 mK routinely, 5–7 mK in good ones, and below 5 mK continuously in the best commercial units; the practical floor for the technique is ~2 mK, below which you need nuclear demagnetisation. That is the working environment of every [[Superconducting_quantum_computing|superconducting quantum computer]] on Earth, which is what turned the dilution refrigerator from a laboratory instrument into a production one. ## The energy case, and its arithmetic D + ³He → p + ⁴He — [[Deuterium|deuterium]] and helium-3 giving a [[Proton|proton]] and an [[Alpha_particle|alpha particle]] — puts all of its primary energy into charged particles, which can be confined, steered and in principle converted directly to electricity without a thermal cycle. [[Deuterium–tritium_fusion|D + T]] puts about 80% of its energy into a 14 MeV [[Neutron_radiation|neutron]] that cannot be steered, activates the first wall, and must be thermalised in a blanket. That contrast is the entire case for aneutronic fuels, and it is real: a [[Power_station|power station]] whose products are charged needs no blanket, breeds no [[Activation_product|activation products]], and can in principle drive an [[Electric_generator|electric generator]] without ever raising steam. It is also why [[Energy_development|energy-development]] literature keeps returning to it. The catch is equally real and usually understated: a deuterium/helium-3 plasma still contains [[Deuterium|deuterium]], so D–D side reactions run anyway, and the tritium they breed burns with deuterium to give 14 MeV [[Neutron_radiation|neutrons]] after all, and those neutrons make [[Activation_product|activation products]] in the wall exactly as they would in [[ITER]]. The published neutron fractions therefore span roughly **1% to 20% of fusion power**, and every figure is meaningless without its fuel ratio, temperature and tritium-handling assumption. Wisconsin's "on the order of 1%" assumes no [[Tritium|tritium]] burn; PPPL's ~5–7% assumes explicit tritium suppression; a stoichiometric plasma at reactor-relevant 60–100 keV with the bred tritium burning gives 5–6%; at 20 keV it is over 20%. The two most-cited figures are not in conflict — they are answers to different questions. Meanwhile D–³He has a higher [[Coulomb_barrier|Coulomb barrier]] (*Z*₁*Z*₂ = 2 against 1), a lower [[Reaction_rate|reaction rate]] at every temperature and a much higher ignition requirement than D–T — which is why neither [[Inertial_confinement_fusion|inertial]] nor [[Magnetic_confinement_fusion|magnetic confinement]] programmes burn it, and why [[Fusion_rocket|fusion rockets]] and [[Project_Daedalus]] are where the fuel keeps reappearing instead. And then there is the fuel. There is no meaningful terrestrial source. [[Natural_gas]] fields carry helium at ³He/⁴He ratios far below atmospheric, because their helium is radiogenic ⁴He from [[Alpha_decay|alpha decay]] in the [[Earth's_crust|crust]]; the [[Mantle_(geology)|mantle]] signature visible at a [[Mid-ocean_ridge|mid-ocean ridge]] is richer but wholly inaccessible. This is [[Isotope_geochemistry|isotope geochemistry]]'s gift to [[Geochemistry|geochemists]] and nobody else's. Which is why: ## The Moon, and the number that ought to end the argument <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?view=composition&amp;embed=1" data-title="Rock inside, gas and ice outside (Solar System explorer)"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?obj=Jupiter&amp;embed=1" data-title="Jupiter in the Solar System explorer"></div> </div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> Because the [[Moon]] has no magnetic field and no [[Atmosphere|atmosphere]], four billion years of [[Solar_wind|solar wind]] have implanted helium directly into exposed [[Regolith|regolith]] grains — to a depth of only tens of nanometres. Helium-3 is therefore a *surface* deposit: its concentration scales with grain surface area, so fine-grained, ilmenite-rich, mature mare soils hold the most and highlands the least. It is a [[Cosmogenic_nuclide|cosmogenic]] deposit in the loosest sense — implanted rather than spallated — and it is [[Outgassing|outgassed]] the moment the grain is heated. Apollo measurements run from about 3 ppb in highland material to 15–18 ppb in the best mare samples (Apollo 11 sample 10084 at 11.8 ppb). [[Cosmochemistry|Cosmochemically]] the same [[Cosmic_ray|irradiation]] history writes itself into every airless body, so the [[Solar_System|Solar System]] is full of the same deposit at the same uselessly low grade — and [[Gas_giant|gas giants]] such as [[Jupiter]] hold vastly more, at correspondingly greater cost. There is no single "the" abundance, and any source quoting one is rounding a distribution. Grades are quoted in [[Parts-per_notation|parts-per notation]] because there is no unit small enough to make them look like ore. In [[In_situ_resource_utilization|in-situ resource]] terms the inventory estimates span **660,000 t** (Fa & Jin 2010, from Chang'E-1 microwave radiometry) through the canonical **~1,000,000 t** (Wittenberg, Santarius & Kulcinski 1986 — uniform ~10 ppb over the entire surface to 3 m depth, with *no* minability discount) to **2.47 Mt** (Slyuta 2007). Against those, Cameron's 1992 estimate of what is actually *mineable* in Mare Tranquillitatis is **7,041 t** — three orders of magnitude below the headline. That gap between **resource in place** and **reserve** is the single most important distinction in the entire lunar helium-3 literature, and almost every popular account elides it. The famous claim deserves auditing outright. Harrison Schmitt's line — "roughly 25 tons could supply the entire United States' energy needs for a year" (*Space.com*, 30 June 2000) — is **false by about a factor of seven as stated**. Twenty-five tonnes is 14.7 EJ ≈ 13.9 quads thermal; US primary energy consumption is 94–96 quads. Cameron's 1992 original said 25 t of *electrical* energy for a year; the word "electrical" fell out. To be true the claim needs 70–80% direct energy conversion (Schmitt's own stated assumption, and a technology never demonstrated at reactor scale), complete burn-up, thermal energy silently equated with delivered electricity, and zero energy cost for moving ~10⁸ [[Tonne|tonnes]] of [[Lunar_regolith|regolith]] per tonne of helium-3, in a [[Outer_space|vacuum]], at [[Kilowatt-hour|grid scale]]. At Schmitt's own conversion assumption you need 31–36 t; at a conventional 40% thermal efficiency, 62 t. None of which makes the idea absurd — the case against is arithmetic, not prejudice, and the assumptions are at least stateable and testable. But the arithmetic should be done in the open, which is what the [[Lunar_resources]] sim above is for. [[Exploration_of_the_Moon|Lunar exploration]] programmes from the [[Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program]] to [[Chandrayaan-1]] have all been read, at some point, as helium-3 prospecting, and [[Ouyang_Ziyuan]] has argued the case publicly for two decades; [[Changesite-(Y)]], announced from Chang'e-5 material, was reported partly in those terms. ## The market that actually exists <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Nuclear_fusion.html" data-title="Nuclear fusion"></div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> While [[Nuclear_fusion|fusion]] waits, helium-3 has three working uses — [[Dilution_refrigerator|refrigeration]], [[Neutron_detection|detection]] and [[Hyperpolarization_(physics)|imaging]] — and their history is a case study in how a scientific instrument's supply chain can be an artefact of weapons policy. Essentially all commercial helium-3 is the beta-decay product of tritium (half-life 12.32 y) harvested during maintenance of nuclear-weapons reservoirs — in the United States, NNSA operations at the Savannah River Site under the [[United_States_Department_of_Energy]], historically supplemented by Russian government supply. [[Nuclear_weapons_testing|Weapons-programme]] chemistry, not [[Geochemistry|geochemistry]], set the world's helium-3 budget. After 11 September 2001 the deployment of neutron-sensitive radiation portal monitors — over 1,400 of them at US ports and borders, guarding against [[Nuclear_weapon|nuclear-weapon]] material — nearly tripled demand. The shortage surfaced in June 2008 when the Spallation Neutron Source — which needs the gas for [[Neutron_radiation|neutron]] instrumentation, not for weapons — requested 35,000 L against an inventory that could not supply it, and became public in Congressional testimony in November 2009. GAO's finding (GAO-11-472) was not geological but administrative: **no DOE entity had stewardship responsibility for helium-3.** Extraction capacity was 8,000–10,000 L/y against average sales of ~30,000 L/y; the ~260,000 L available in 2003 had fallen to ~31,000 L by February 2011. Prices went from $40–85/L at auction to $365–1,000/L allocated and up to $2,000/L commercially — for a gas measured in [[Litre|litres]] at [[Standard_temperature_and_pressure|standard conditions]], which is to say in fractions of a [[Gram|gram]]. The consequences reached into unrelated fields. Hyperpolarized helium-3 lung MRI, the original demonstration of hyperpolarized gas imaging, — the [[Asthma|asthma]] and [[Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease|COPD]] imaging that put [[Pulmonary_gas_pressures|lung gas]] on a scanner for the first time — has been **essentially completely displaced by xenon-129** — and the reason given in the literature is explicitly economic, not physical. XENOVIEW (xenon Xe 129 hyperpolarized) was approved by the FDA on 23 December 2022 and remains the first and only approved hyperpolarized MRI agent; **there is no FDA-approved hyperpolarized helium-3 agent.** Helium-3 was displaced from the clinic by its own supply crisis. By 2026 the position has eased and shifted. Federal demand is projected below 6,000 L/y against the 70,000 L/y peak of 2008, achieved largely by substituting [[Boron|boron]]-lined and BF₃ detectors — and, elsewhere, [[Lithium|lithium]]-6 glass — in portal monitors, and by recycling. The [[Isotopes_of_boron|boron isotopes]] and [[Isotopes_of_lithium|lithium isotopes]] carry the same neutron appetite at a fraction of the price. Laurentis Energy Partners began extracting helium-3 from tritium stored at the [[Darlington_Nuclear_Generating_Station|Darlington]] [[CANDU_reactor|CANDU]] station in September 2021 — [[Heavy-water_reactor|heavy-water reactors]] breed tritium as a matter of course, which is why the first civilian source came from one — the first civilian, non-military source. Russian supply has been effectively excluded from Western markets since 2022. The [[United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security]] requirement that created the crisis has largely been engineered away. And the demand vector has moved: the growth market is now dilution refrigerators for [[Superconducting_quantum_computing|superconducting quantum computing]], which is why Bluefors and Interlune signed an agreement on 16 September 2025 for up to 10,000 L/y of *lunar* helium-3 from 2028 to 2037 — a purchase commitment against a resource nobody has yet extracted. One caveat is worth carrying: a dilution refrigerator's helium-3 charge circulates in a sealed loop indefinitely, so it is a one-time inventory cost rather than consumption. Lunar-mining pitches routinely conflate the two. The [[Critical_Raw_Materials_Act|critical-materials]] framing that has since attached to helium-3 rests on the same elision. ## Sources Verified against publisher records, DOI resolvers, standards bodies and archive catalogues; where a commonly circulated figure is wrong, the correction is stated above and its source is given here. **Quantum fluids** - Osheroff, D. D., Richardson, R. C. & Lee, D. M. (1972). "Evidence for a New Phase of Solid He³." *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **28**(14): 885–888. [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.885](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.885) — note the title: the liquid identification came in the follow-up, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **29**, 920, [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.29.920](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.29.920). - Greywall, D. S. (1986). "³He specific heat and thermometry at millikelvin temperatures." *Phys. Rev. B* **33**(11): 7520. The temperature scale nearly all quoted He-3 transition values sit on. - Tian, Smith & Parpia (2022). *J. Low Temp. Phys.* **208**: 298–311. [doi:10.1007/s10909-022-02721-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-022-02721-z) — the Greywall ↔ PLTS-2000 conversion and the zero-pressure values. - PTB, [PLTS-2000 fixed points](https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/ptb/fachabteilungen/abt7/fb-74/ag-744/the-provisional-low-temperature-scale-of-2000-plts-2000.html) — the official scale. - Vollhardt, D. & Wölfle, P. *The Superfluid Phases of Helium 3.* The standard monograph on the ABM and BW states. - BIPM, [*Guide to the Realization of the ITS-90 — Vapour-Pressure Scales*](https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41773843/Guide_ITS-90_3_VPS_p_2018.pdf/dcd65f47-8699-d2f2-cace-44885f4f49fb) — the lambda point at 2.1768 K, 5041.8 Pa. **Cryogenics** - London, H., Clarke, G. R. & Mendoza, E. (1962). "Osmotic Pressure of He³ in Liquid He⁴, with Proposals for a Refrigerator to Work below 1 °K." *Phys. Rev.* **128**(5): 1992. [doi:10.1103/PhysRev.128.1992](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.128.1992) - Das, P., de Bruyn Ouboter, R. & Taconis, K. W. (1965). "A Realization of a London-Clarke-Mendoza Type Refrigerator." In *Low Temperature Physics LT9*, 1253–1255. [doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-6443-4_133](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6443-4_133) — built 1964, published 1965, reaching 0.22 K. - Kierstead, H. A. (1979). *J. Low Temp. Phys.* **35**: 25–39. [doi:10.1007/BF00121720](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121720) — the tricritical point to stated uncertainty. - Batey, G. & Teleberg, G. (2015). [*Principles of Dilution Refrigeration*](https://home.agh.edu.pl/~kozlow/fizyka/otrzymywanie%20niskich%20T_jak%20dziala%20Triton/Priciples-of-dilution-refrigeration_v14.pdf), Oxford Instruments. Useful, but note it states the cooling-power coefficient in mW·K⁻²·(mol/s)⁻¹ — a factor-1000 discrepancy with the standard watt form. `[flagged]` - Pobell, F. *Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures*; Lounasmaa, O. V. *Experimental Principles and Methods Below 1 K.* The standard references. **Fusion** - Bosch, H.-S. & Hale, G. M. (1992). "Improved formulas for fusion cross-sections and thermal reactivities." *Nuclear Fusion* **32**(4): 611. The standard reactivity parameterisation, and the one the sim uses. - Parisi, Diallo & Meschini (2025). [arXiv:2504.09869](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.09869) — on how much D–³He power really comes from D–D and secondaries at lower temperature. - De Temmerman, G. et al. (2021). *Joule* **5**(6): 1312. On lunar helium-3 for fusion — but note its text states regolith abundance as "about 30 micrograms per gram," which is 30 ppm and three orders of magnitude too high for ³He; that is total helium, mostly ⁴He, and their own 1 Mt figure is consistent with ~10 ppb. **Lunar** - Fa, W. & Jin, Y.-Q. (2010). *Chinese Science Bulletin* **55**(35): 4005–4009. [doi:10.1007/s11434-010-4198-9](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-4198-9) — the 660,000 t low-end estimate from Chang'E-1 radiometry. - Slyuta, Abdrakhimov & Galimov (2007). LPSC XXXVIII, abstract 2175 — the 2.47 Mt high end, and the TiO₂-binned abundances. - Cameron, E. N. (1992). WCSAR-TR-AR3-9207-1, Table 11 — the *mineable* 7,041 t for Mare Tranquillitatis, at 50% minability to 3 m. - Schmitt, H. H. (1988). ["Economic Geology of Lunar Helium-3."](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19890005478/downloads/19890005478.pdf) Second Symposium on Lunar Bases — the source of the 70–80% direct-conversion assumption that every later energy claim silently inherits. **Neutron detection, hyperpolarization and supply** - Carlson, A. D. (2011). "International Evaluation of Neutron Cross Section Standards." *Metrologia* **48**: S328–S345. [doi:10.1088/0026-1394/48/6/S09](https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/48/6/S09) — σ = 5316 b, the standards value; the NIST/NCNR Sears table gives 5333 ± 7 b. Both are in wide use. - Stewart, N. J. et al. (2022). *Br. J. Radiol.* **95**(1132): 20210207. [doi:10.1259/bjr.20210207](https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210207) — the field's transition from ³He to ¹²⁹Xe, and its explicitly economic cause. - Polarean (2022). [XENOVIEW FDA approval, 23 December 2022](https://polarean.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/POLX-FDA-Approves-XENOVIEW%E2%84%A2-hyperpolarized-Xe-129.pdf) — the first and only approved hyperpolarized MRI agent. - GAO (2011). [GAO-11-472, *Managing Critical Isotopes: Weaknesses in DOE's Management of Helium-3 Delayed the Federal Response to a Critical Supply Shortage*](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-11-472) — the governance finding and the inventory numbers. - CRS (2010, rev. 2011). [R41419, *The Helium-3 Shortage: Supply, Demand, and Options for Congress*](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R41419/R41419.8.pdf). - Mishima, K. et al. (2018). *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* [doi:10.1029/2018GC007554](https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007554) — proposes atmospheric ³He/⁴He = 1.340 ± 0.006 ppm against the accepted 1.384 (Clarke 1976) and 1.399 (Mamyrin 1970); the 3–4% discrepancy is unresolved, so no single value should be presented as settled. *Market figures circulating for 2025–26 (world production, bulk price per litre, litres per refrigerator) trace to secondary compilations rather than primary sources and are deliberately not quoted here.* ## Notes Stub created 2026-07-29 ahead of incoming seed/project data; seeded with Movement I and the full spine 2026-08-05. 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p5js microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a></div><div class="ms-sub">p5js &middot; <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/ZBxM-wEIe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open in the p5 editor</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="p5js"> <iframe src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/npXlwW_az" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Zero-point energy &mdash; p5js microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Zero-point_energy">Zero-point energy</a></div><div class="ms-sub">p5js &middot; <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/npXlwW_az" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open in the p5 editor</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=B&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Boron &mdash; elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Boron">🧊 Boron</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=B&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> &middot; on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Boron">Boron</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Cs&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Caesium &mdash; elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Caesium">🧊 Caesium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Cs&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> &middot; on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Caesium">Caesium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=He&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Helium &mdash; elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium">🧊 Helium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=He&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> &middot; on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium">Helium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Li&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Lithium &mdash; elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Lithium">🧊 Lithium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Li&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> &middot; on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Lithium">Lithium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Rb&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Rubidium &mdash; elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Rubidium">🧊 Rubidium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Rb&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> &middot; on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Rubidium">Rubidium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Th&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Thorium &mdash; elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Thorium">🧊 Thorium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Th&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> &middot; on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Thorium">Thorium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=U&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Uranium &mdash; elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Uranium">🧊 Uranium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=U&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> &middot; on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Uranium">Uranium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Aneutronic_fusion.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Aneutronic fusion &mdash; threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Aneutronic_fusion">Aneutronic fusion</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Aneutronic_fusion.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card is-pending" data-lib="threejs"> <div class="ms-placeholder">Staged, not yet deployed &mdash; <code>Cubic_crystal_system.html</code></div> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system">Cubic crystal system</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; awaiting CDN deploy</div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Helium &mdash; threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium">Helium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium-3.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Helium-3 &mdash; threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium-3">Helium-3</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium-3.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hyperpolarization_%28physics%29.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Hyperpolarization (physics) &mdash; threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(physics)">Hyperpolarization (physics)</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hyperpolarization_%28physics%29.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card is-pending" data-lib="threejs"> <div class="ms-placeholder">Staged, not yet deployed &mdash; <code>Ion.html</code></div> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Ion">Ion</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; awaiting CDN deploy</div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Lunar_resources.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Lunar resources &mdash; threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Lunar_resources">Lunar resources</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Lunar_resources.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Neutron_detection.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Neutron detection &mdash; threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Neutron_detection">Neutron detection</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Neutron_detection.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Superfluidity.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Superfluidity &mdash; threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Superfluidity">Superfluidity</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs &middot; <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Superfluidity.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <!-- SIMGALLERY:END --> <!-- CRAFT-LINK:START g12 --> **Craft standard:** Both craft standards apply here — [[WT!Three_js_Microsim_Master_Class|three.js]] and [[WT!P5_js_Microsim_Master_Class|p5.js]]. <!-- CRAFT-LINK:END --> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:BEGIN g34 2026-09-19 - microsims the articles linked here play; generated by _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py; do not hand-edit inside --> *Microsims from the articles linked below:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Decay_chain.html" data-title="Decay chain"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Electric_generator.html" data-title="Electric generator"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Electric_generator.html" data-title="Electric generator · matter"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?obj=dust&amp;embed=1" data-title="Interplanetary dust in the Solar System explorer"></div> </div> <!-- SECTIONSIMS:END --> <!-- TREEGEN:BEGIN v1.4 src=_registry/linktree/Helium-3.json harvested=2026-07-29T23:07:22Z children=265 — generated by g01_hub_portals.py; do not hand-edit inside this block --> ## Canonical link structure — 265 tree-verified children Hub article: [[Helium-3]] · tree harvested 2026-07-29T23:07:22Z · every entry below is in this hub's harvested child tree (v09-gated). Unbuilt links are intentional forward-refs: the populate scaffold. **0-9** — [[1-K_pot]] **A** — [[Activation_product]] · [[Adsorption]] · [[Alcator_C-Mod]] · [[Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)]] · [[Alkali_metal]] · [[Alpha_decay]] · [[Alpha_particle]] · [[Aneutronic_fusion]] · [[Angular_momentum]] · [[Anthony_Leggett]] · [[ArXiv]] · [[Asthma]] · [[Atmosphere]] · [[Atmosphere_of_Earth]] · [[Atom]] · [[Atomic_mass]] · [[Atomic_number]] · [[Azimuthal_quantum_number]] **B** — [[BCS_theory]] · [[Becquerel]] · [[Beta_decay]] · [[Beta_particle]] · [[Bibcode]] · [[Black_Sea]] · [[Boron]] · [[Bose–Einstein_condensate]] · [[Boson]] · [[British_Interplanetary_Society]] · [[Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station]] **C** — [[Caesium]] · [[Canada]] · [[CANDU_reactor]] · [[Capital_(economics)]] · [[Carbon-13_nuclear_magnetic_resonance]] · [[Cavendish_Laboratory]] · [[Cernavodă_Nuclear_Power_Plant]] · [[Chandrayaan-1]] · [[Changesite-(Y)]] · [[China]] · [[Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences]] · [[Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program]] · [[Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease]] · [[Circular_polarization]] · [[CiteSeerX]] · [[Cold_War]] · [[Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights]] · [[Congressional_Research_Service]] · [[Continuous_production]] · [[Cooper_pair]] · [[Cosmic_ray]] · [[Cosmochemistry]] · [[Cosmogenic_nuclide]] · [[Coulomb_barrier]] · [[Critical_point_(thermodynamics)]] · [[Critical_Raw_Materials_Act]] · [[Cryogenics]] · [[Cubic_crystal_system]] · [[Cubic_metre]] · [[Cystic_fibrosis]] **D** — [[Dalton_(unit)]] · [[Darlington_Nuclear_Generating_Station]] · [[David_Lee_(physicist)]] · [[Decay_chain]] · [[Decay_product]] · [[Dense_plasma_focus]] · [[Deuterium]] · [[Deuterium–tritium_fusion]] · [[Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant]] · [[Digital_object_identifier]] · [[Dilution_refrigerator]] · [[Douglas_Osheroff]] · [[Dwayne_A._Day]] **E** — [[Earth's_crust]] · [[East_China_Sea]] · [[Electricity]] · [[Electric_generator]] · [[Electron]] · [[Electronvolt]] · [[Electron_neutrino]] · [[Electrostatics]] · [[Emphysema]] · [[Energia_(corporation)]] · [[Energy_development]] · [[English_Channel]] · [[Evaporative_cooler]] · [[Exploration_of_the_Moon]] · [[Extinct_radionuclide]] **F** — [[Fermion]] · [[Fossil_fuel]] · [[France]] · [[Fullerene]] · [[Fuqing_Nuclear_Power_Plant]] · [[Fusion_rocket]] · [[Fusor]] **G** — [[Gas_giant]] · [[Geiger–Müller_tube]] · [[Geochemistry]] · [[Gram]] · [[Great_Lakes]] · [[Gyromagnetic_ratio]] **H** — [[Half-life]] · [[Handle_System]] · [[Hawaiian_Islands]] · [[Heavy-water_reactor]] · [[Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem]] · [[Helion_(chemistry)]] · [[Helium]] · [[Helium-3_surface_spin_echo]] · [[Helium-4]] · [[Helium_dimer]] · [[Helium_trimer]] · [[Heysham_nuclear_power_station]] · [[Hotspot_(geology)]] · [[Hydrogen_ion]] · [[Hyperpolarization_(physics)]] **I** — [[Inertial_confinement_fusion]] · [[Intermolecular_force]] · [[Interplanetary_dust_cloud]] · [[Investment_(macroeconomics)]] · [[In_situ_resource_utilization]] · [[Ion]] · [[Irish_Sea]] · [[ISBN]] · [[Isotope]] · [[Isotopes_of_boron]] · [[Isotopes_of_helium]] · [[Isotopes_of_hydrogen]] · [[Isotopes_of_lithium]] · [[Isotopes_of_rhenium]] · [[Isotope_geochemistry]] · [[ISRO]] · [[ISSN]] · [[ITER]] **J** — [[Joint_European_Torus]] · [[Joule_per_mole]] · [[Journal_of_Low_Temperature_Physics]] · [[Journal_of_Research_of_the_National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology]] · [[JSTOR]] · [[Jupiter]] **K** — [[KATRIN]] · [[Kelvin]] · [[Kilogram]] · [[Kilowatt-hour]] **L** — [[La_Hague_site]] · [[Light-water_reactor]] · [[Liquid_scintillation_counting]] · [[List_of_nuclides]] · [[Lithium]] · [[Litre]] · [[Luis_Walter_Alvarez]] · [[Lunar_regolith]] · [[Lunar_resources]] · [[Luzon_Strait]] **M** — [[Maanshan_Nuclear_Power_Plant]] · [[Magnetic_confinement_fusion]] · [[Mantle_(geology)]] · [[Mark_Oliphant]] · [[Mid-ocean_ridge]] · [[Mole_(unit)]] · [[Moon]] · [[Muse_(band)]] **N** — [[National_Ignition_Facility]] · [[National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology]] · [[Natural_abundance]] · [[Natural_gas]] · [[Neutron]] · [[Neutron_detection]] · [[Neutron_number]] · [[Neutron_radiation]] · [[Nobel_Prize_in_Physics]] · [[Nuclear_fission_product]] · [[Nuclear_fusion]] · [[Nuclear_magnetic_resonance]] · [[Nuclear_physics]] · [[Nuclear_reaction]] · [[Nuclear_weapon]] · [[Nuclear_weapons_testing]] · [[Nucleogenic]] · [[Nuclide]] **O** — [[Operating_expense]] · [[Orders_of_magnitude_(temperature)]] · [[Outer_space]] · [[Outgassing]] · [[Ouyang_Ziyuan]] **P** — [[Pacific_Ocean]] · [[Parts-per_notation]] · [[Phase_(matter)]] · [[Phase_transition]] · [[Physical_property]] · [[Physical_Review_Letters]] · [[Pickering_Nuclear_Generating_Station]] · [[Planck_constant]] · [[Pollution]] · [[Polywell]] · [[Power_station]] · [[Primordial_nuclide]] · [[Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society]] · [[Project_Daedalus]] · [[Proportional_counter]] · [[Proton]] · [[Proton_emission]] · [[PubMed]] · [[PubMed_Central]] · [[Pulmonary_gas_pressures]] **Q** — [[Quantum_mechanics]] **R** — [[Radioactive_decay]] · [[Radionuclide]] · [[Reaction_rate]] · [[Regolith]] · [[Richard_Garwin]] · [[Robert_Coleman_Richardson]] · [[Robert_Cornog]] · [[Romania]] · [[Rubidium]] **S** — [[Sanmen_Nuclear_Power_Station]] · [[Sea_of_Japan]] · [[Sellafield]] · [[Semantic_Scholar]] · [[Solar_System]] · [[Solar_wind]] · [[Solid-state_chemistry]] · [[South_Korea]] · [[Spallation]] · [[Spin_(physics)]] · [[Spin_polarization]] · [[Spin_quantum_number]] · [[Spodumene]] · [[Spontaneous_fission]] · [[Stable_nuclide]] · [[Standard_temperature_and_pressure]] · [[START_I]] · [[Subduction]] · [[Superconducting_quantum_computing]] · [[Superconductivity]] · [[Superfluidity]] · [[Swansea_University]] **T** — [[Table_of_nuclides]] · [[Taiwan]] · [[Taiwan_Strait]] · [[Tennessee_Valley_Authority]] · [[Thermal_energy]] · [[The_Space_Review]] · [[Thorium]] · [[Tonne]] · [[Tritiated_water]] · [[Tritium]] · [[Turbine]] **U** — [[United_Kingdom]] · [[United_States]] · [[United_States_Bureau_of_Mines]] · [[United_States_Department_of_Energy]] · [[United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security]] · [[United_States_Department_of_the_Interior]] · [[University_of_Cambridge]] · [[Uranium]] · [[Uranium-235]] **V** — `Ventilation/perfusion_ratio` · [[Vitaly_Ginzburg]] **W** — [[Watt]] · [[Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant]] · [[Wayback_Machine]] · [[Wendelstein_7-X]] · [[Wolseong_Nuclear_Power_Plant]] **Z** — [[Zero-point_energy]] ## Route objects (§10.3 stubs — placeholders declared in `_registry/firebase/`) - **microsim** — `microsim/{library}/Helium-3__{YYYYMMDD}T{HHMM}Z/` - **songs** — `songs/{Band_name}/{Song_name}/Helium-3/` - **semiotics** — `semiotics/{authorizer}/{set}/{Song_name}/{audio_video_id}/Helium-3/` - **cardset** — `cardset/{authorizer}/{set}/Helium-3/` - **games** — `games/quizzes/Helium-3/` - **channel_stream** — `channel_stream/Helium-3/` - **transcripts** — `transcripts/{audio_video_id}/Helium-3/` Hub + children route keys are pre-declared in `_registry/firebase/expansion_matches.csv` (54,000 Related Wikipedia Matches). Minting any leaf passes §10.1 registration. <!-- TREEGEN:END --> --- *Repopulated 2026-09-19 · append-only · source: _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py@36068b13 (players of the linked articles, each URL 200-checked) · 1 added · 0 deletions*