PORTAL_Thury_Hydrodynamics_Apex_Spine

Apex spine of the Life Physics GENERATIVE ACTION wiki: two ignoble gases and one extremely noble one. [[Hydrogen]] ↔ [[Oxygen]] carry the reactive branch — every combination reaction, indexed in [[WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium]]. [[Helium]] ↔ [[Helium-3]] carry the noble/energy branch, and they earn their place by refusing: an element that combines with nothing is what tells you what combining means. Doors: [[PORTAL_Energy]], [[PORTAL_Helium]], [[PORTAL_Helium-3]], [[PORTAL_Systems]]. ## The reaction canon  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Combustion.html" data-title="Combustion"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Redox.html" data-title="Redox"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Oxyhydrogen.html" data-title="Oxyhydrogen"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Fuel_cell.html" data-title="Fuel cell"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Fuel_cell.html" data-title="Fuel cell · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/x1rQI-8lu" data-title="Neutron"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Superfluidity.html" data-title="Superfluidity"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Superfluidity.html" data-title="Superfluidity · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Nuclear_fusion.html" data-title="Nuclear fusion"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/8NIJKebDh" data-title="ENGINES Nuclear_fusion"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Fluid_dynamics.html" data-title="Fluid dynamics · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/sevFmMxGw" data-title="Fluid dynamics · p5.js"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Viscosity.html" data-title="Viscosity"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Viscosity.html" data-title="Viscosity · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/LGnSl67W_" data-title="Viscosity · p5.js"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Reynolds_number.html" data-title="Reynolds number"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Reynolds_number.html" data-title="Reynolds number · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/7nc6jHf-e" data-title="Reynolds number · p5.js"></div> </div>  The canon is not a list of substances. It is a spectrum of willingness, read from one end to the other. [[Hydrogen]] has a single electron in an unfilled [[Electron_shell]] and will do almost anything to resolve that. [[Oxygen]], two short of full, is the reciprocal case. Put them together and you get [[Combustion]] — a [[Redox]] reaction whose product, [[Water]], is the substance the rest of the spine keeps returning to. Hold them apart in the ratio that recombines and you have [[Oxyhydrogen]]; drive the reaction backwards with [[Electrolysis]] and you have storage; route its electrons through a wire and you have a [[Fuel_cell]]. At the other end, [[Helium]] holds a closed shell and does none of it. Its [[Isotope]] sibling [[Helium-3]] is one [[Neutron]] lighter, which changes nothing chemically and nearly everything else — [[Superfluidity|superfluid]] behaviour a thousand times colder, and a [[Nuclear_fusion]] case that runs through [[Deuterium]] and [[Tritium]] and closes on lunar [[Regolith]]. The medium carrying all of it is fluid, which is why [[Fluid_dynamics]], [[Viscosity]] and the [[Reynolds_number]] sit under the canon rather than beside it. ## Spine  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=H&embed=1" data-title="The Elements 3D microsim - Hydrogen"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=O&embed=1" data-title="The Elements 3D microsim - Oxygen"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium.html" data-title="Helium"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=He&embed=1" data-title="The Elements 3D microsim - Helium"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/BaoszwzUL" data-title="Helium · p5.js"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium-3.html" data-title="Helium-3"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/clpT03_2G" data-title="Helium-3 · p5.js"></div> </div>  | # | Article | Reveal | Microsim | Node | |---|---------|--------|----------|------| | 1 | [[WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium]] | three | | ring:0 | | 2 | [[Hydrogen]] | three | | ring:1 | | 3 | [[Oxygen]] | three | | ring:2 | | 4 | [[Helium]] | three | | ring:3 | | 5 | [[Helium-3]] | three | | ring:4 | ## The book shelf Five open textbooks, one per branch of the canon, each seeding its own stub articles. The spine grows by reading rather than by assertion: a book earns a section, the section earns stubs, the stubs earn microsims on a later pass. All five are free and openly licensed, from the University of Minnesota's Open Textbook Library. ### 1 · All Things Flow: Fluid Mechanics for the Natural Sciences (2019)  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydrostatics.html" data-title="Hydrostatics"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Buoyancy.html" data-title="Buoyancy"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Continuity_equation.html" data-title="Continuity equation"></div> </div>  [OTL record](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/all-things-flow-fluid-mechanics-for-the-natural-sciences) · [download](https://blogs.oregonstate.edu/salty/all-things-flow-fluid-mechanics-for-the-natural-sciences/) The spine's carrier medium. Everything in the reaction canon is delivered, mixed, stored and lost as a fluid, so this book sits under all four elements rather than beside them. It supplies the still case, the moving case, and the equations that govern both. | # | Stub | What it seeds | |---|------|---------------| | 1 | [[Hydrostatics]] | Fluid at rest — pressure with depth, Pascal's principle, the baseline every moving problem is measured against. | | 2 | [[Buoyancy]] | Archimedes as a density argument; why helium and hydrogen lift, and why stratification holds. | | 3 | [[Continuity_equation]] | Conservation of mass as a constraint — the reason a vortex tube cannot end. | | 4 | [[Navier–Stokes_equations]] | Newton's second law for a fluid. Known law, unsolved behaviour, unclaimed since 2000. | ### 2 · General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications (2011)  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Properties_of_water.html" data-title="Properties of water"></div>  [OTL record](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/general-chemistry-principles-patterns-and-applications) · [download](https://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/General%20Chemistry%20Principles,%20Patterns,%20and%20Applications.pdf) The reactive branch: [[Hydrogen]] ↔ [[Oxygen]] and everything they make. This is where the canon's founding event lives — combination releasing energy, and the product that every other article eventually returns to. | # | Stub | What it seeds | |---|------|---------------| | 1 | [[Combustion]] | The founding event. Rapid oxidation, and a mixing problem wearing chemistry's clothes. | | 2 | [[Oxyhydrogen]] | Two parts to one — exactly what electrolysis produces and combustion consumes. | | 3 | [[Redox]] | Paired electron transfer. Combustion, fuel cells, electrolysis and corrosion are one chemistry. | | 4 | [[Properties_of_water]] | The product, and the strangest common substance here. Nearly every anomaly traces to the hydrogen bond. | ### 3 · Atomic Physics for Everyone (2025) [OTL record](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/atomic-physics-for-everyone-an-introduction-to-atomic-physics-quantum-mechanics-and-precision-spectroscopy-with-no-college-level-prerequisites) · [download](https://scholarworks.smith.edu/textbooks/9/) The noble branch, and the reason it refuses. [[Helium]] ↔ [[Helium-3]] differ by one neutron and behave like different substances — a distinction that is nuclear, not chemical, and that this book is built to explain without prerequisites. | # | Stub | What it seeds | |---|------|---------------| | 1 | [[Electron_shell]] | Where the spine's central distinction is made: full shells refuse, unfilled ones will do anything. | | 2 | [[Isotope]] | Same element, different neutrons — the pair the whole noble branch turns on. | | 3 | [[Spectral_line]] | Helium was found in the Sun before anyone isolated it here. Matter read at a distance. | | 4 | [[Emission_spectrum]] | The same picture in both directions — bright lines emitted, dark lines absorbed. | ### 4 · Electrolysers, Fuel Cells and Batteries: Analytical Modelling (2024) [OTL record](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/electrolysers-fuel-cells-and-batteries-analytical-modelling) · [download](https://books.open.tudelft.nl/home/catalog/book/176) The reactive branch put to work. Run the canon forward and you get heat; route the electrons through a wire instead and you get power. Run it backwards and you get storage. Same reaction, three machines. | # | Stub | What it seeds | |---|------|---------------| | 1 | [[Electrolysis]] | The canon in reverse — storage, not generation, and every step costs. | | 2 | [[Electrochemistry]] | One framework, three devices: battery, fuel cell, electrolyser. | | 3 | [[Battery_(electricity)]] | Reactants carried inside. The comparison case against storing electrons as a gas. | | 4 | [[Proton-exchange_membrane_fuel_cell]] | Same combination, no flame — and a two-phase water-management problem. | ### 5 · Future Energy: Opportunities & Challenges (2013) [OTL record](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/future-energy-opportunities-challenges) · [download](https://trace.tennessee.edu/entities/publication/48577f98-9b67-472e-bbb3-5d150c80c1e2) Where the two branches meet. The reactive isotopes are the fuel, the noble one is the ash — and in the aneutronic route, [[Helium-3]] is the fuel too. This is the book that makes the spine's closing loop back to the lunar regolith argument. | # | Stub | What it seeds | |---|------|---------------| | 1 | [[Deuterium]] | Hydrogen with a neutron. Effectively unlimited, and the easiest fusion fuel. | | 2 | [[Tritium]] | Two neutrons, twelve-year half-life — and it decays into helium-3, linking both branches directly. | | 3 | [[Magnetic_confinement_fusion]] | Hold the plasma off the wall with field lines that behave like vortex lines. | | 4 | [[Inertial_confinement_fusion]] | Compress instead of contain — the most extreme hydrodynamics on the spine. | ### 6 · Thermodynamics and Chemistry, 2nd ed. (2020)  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/First_law_of_thermodynamics.html" data-title="First law of thermodynamics"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Internal_energy.html" data-title="Internal energy"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Phase_diagram.html" data-title="Phase diagram"></div> </div>  Howard DeVoe · [OTL record](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/thermodynamics-and-chemistry) · [download](https://www2.chem.umd.edu/thermobook/downloads.htm) · CC BY 4.0 The gap the shelf had been carrying. Every reaction on the reactive branch — [[Combustion]], [[Redox]], [[Electrolysis]] — runs on enthalpy, entropy and free energy, and nothing on the shelf taught them. DeVoe's fourteen chapters run from the first law to galvanic cells, and the cryogenics chapter reaches the noble branch too. Solutions manual supplied. | # | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |---|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | 1 | [[First_law_of_thermodynamics]] | `ΔU = Q − W` | piston balancing heat in against work out | | 2 | [[Internal_energy]] | `U = (dof/2)NkT` | particle box; monatomic vs diatomic at one temperature | | 3 | [[Enthalpy]] | `H = U + pV` | three bars: energy, the pV price of room, and their sum | | 4 | [[Gibbs_free_energy]] | `ΔG = ΔH − TΔS` | drag T across the crossover and watch the sign flip | | 5 | [[Chemical_potential]] | `μ = μ° + RT·ln a` | two compartments equalising μ, not concentration | | 6 | [[Chemical_equilibrium]] | `K = kf/kr` | concentrations settle while the arrows keep flowing | | 7 | [[Phase_diagram]] | `μ equal on a boundary` | draggable state point; [w] tilts the fusion line for water | | 8 | [[Third_law_of_thermodynamics]] | `S → 0 as T → 0` | each stage takes a fixed fraction; zero recedes | | 9 | [[Galvanic_cell]] | `ΔG = −nFE` | block the salt bridge and the current stops within a second | | 10 | [[Heat_capacity]] | `Q = mcΔT` | same heater, three substances, water crawling behind | *Ten articles, ten p5 microsims, built to the Betterfire Standard v0. Sidecars at `wiki/{slug}/{slug}.p5.js`; route leaves at `microsim/p5js/{slug}__20260910T0400Z` carrying the source. Editor URLs are blank by design — p5 assigns an opaque id at first save (rule 7), so they are filled in after the sketches are saved, not templated.* ### 7 · Introduction to Physical Oceanography (2008) Robert H. Stewart · [OTL record](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/introduction-to-physical-oceanography) · [download](https://github.com/introocean/introocean-en/releases/tag/v20200229) · CC BY-NC-SA The rotating, stratified branch. Stewart's chapter 12 is *Vorticity in the Ocean*, which lands this book directly on the vorticity wave, and chapters 9–13 supply the Ekman, geostrophic and thermohaline machinery that [[Coriolis_force]] and [[Geophysical_fluid_dynamics]] were written from. Serves both agricultural bridges and the Energy bridge on the Compendium side. | # | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |---|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | 1 | [[Ekman_transport]] | `M = τ/(ρf), ⟂ to τ` | turn the wind; the net arrow stays stubbornly 90° off | | 2 | [[Geostrophic_current]] | `f·v = (1/ρ)∂p/∂x` | set f to zero and flow finally runs downhill | | 3 | [[Langmuir_circulation]] | `Craik–Leibovich instability` | floaters slide into the convergence lines and stay | | 4 | [[Thermohaline_circulation]] | `ρ = ρ(T,S)` | freshen the north box and the loop stalls, then reverses | | 5 | [[Thermocline]] | `Ri = N²/(∂u/∂z)²` | walk the season; watch the layer build, deepen, overturn | | 6 | [[Ocean_current]] | `β·v = f·∂w/∂z` | kill β and the western boundary current vanishes | | 7 | [[Upwelling]] | `offshore Ekman → vertical replacement` | alongshore wind tilts the thermocline to the surface | | 8 | [[Wind_wave]] | `c = gT/2π deep, √(gh) shallow` | orbits shrink with depth, then flatten in the shallows | | 9 | [[Tide]] | `force ∝ 2GMr/d³` | walk the Moon around; springs and neaps beat fortnightly | | 10 | [[Tsunami]] | `c = √(gh), a ∝ h^(−¼)` | races the deep basin flat, rears up on the shelf | *Ten articles, ten p5 microsims, built to the Betterfire Standard v0. Sidecars at `wiki/{slug}/{slug}.p5.js`; route leaves at `microsim/p5js/{slug}__20260910T0400Z` carrying the source. Editor URLs are blank by design — p5 assigns an opaque id at first save (rule 7), so they are filled in after the sketches are saved, not templated.* ## Crosslinks Sibling spine: [[PORTAL_WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium]] — the eight Centers of Excellence bridges, where this canon is applied. Also [[PORTAL_Acoustics]] (vibration), [[PORTAL_Signal_Processing]], and the master index [[PORTAL_INDEX]]. ## Notes Prose filled out 2026-09-10: reaction-canon narrative, five-book shelf, and 20 stub articles written and registered (one set of four per book). The ring:0 flagship [[WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium]] now has prose; it previously had a registry row and no file. Microsim layer is deliberately deferred — the stubs carry no sim yet. Legacy `Wikitube HUBS/... /Elements/ELEMENTS_MAIN` remains queued for the Collision Gate (WIKI_RULES §5) — do not link its legacy path.  ## Play every microsim on this page <p class="microsim-gallery-note">Every microsim linked from this portal, embedded live. <strong>23 players</strong> — 9 threejs · 11 p5js · 3 elements. 1 are staged but not yet deployed and show as placeholders.</p> <ul class="microsim-gallery"> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/polytope4d.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Four-dimensional polytopes — threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Three_js_Microsim_Master_Class">Four-dimensional polytopes</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs · <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/polytope4d.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> · on <a 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src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/FrVY75N0P" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium — p5js microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">p5js · <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/FrVY75N0P" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open in the p5 editor</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="p5js"> <iframe src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/LrZ3_kDcz" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium — p5js microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">p5js · <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/LrZ3_kDcz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open in the p5 editor</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="p5js"> <iframe src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/gECvsn3vl" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium — p5js microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">p5js · <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/gECvsn3vl" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open in the p5 editor</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="p5js"> <iframe src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/lmVzpqGH4" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium — p5js microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">p5js · <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/lmVzpqGH4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open in the p5 editor</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="p5js"> <iframe src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/pC6Yt_OQu" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium — p5js microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">p5js · <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/pC6Yt_OQu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open in the p5 editor</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=He&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Helium — elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium">🧊 Helium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements · <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=He&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> · on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium">Helium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=H&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Hydrogen — elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Hydrogen">🧊 Hydrogen</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements · <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=H&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> · on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="elements"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=O&embed=1" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="🧊 Oxygen — elements microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Oxygen">🧊 Oxygen</a></div><div class="ms-sub">elements · <a href="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=O&embed=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> · on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Oxygen">Oxygen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card is-pending" data-lib="threejs"> <div class="ms-placeholder">Staged, not yet deployed — <code>Eddy_(fluid_dynamics).html</code></div> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Eddy (fluid dynamics)</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs · awaiting CDN deploy · on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics — threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Geophysical fluid dynamics</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs · <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> · on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Helium — threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium">Helium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs · <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium-3.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Helium-3 — threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Helium-3">Helium-3</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs · <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Helium-3.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hydrodynamics.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Hydrodynamics — threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Hydrodynamics</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs · <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hydrodynamics.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> · on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div></div> </li> <li class="microsim-card" data-lib="threejs"> <iframe src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Porous_medium.html" loading="lazy" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" title="Porous medium — threejs microsim"></iframe> <div class="ms-meta"><div class="ms-title"><a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Porous medium</a></div><div class="ms-sub">threejs · <a href="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Porous_medium.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open full-screen</a> · on <a href="https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium">Thury Hydrodynamics Compendium</a></div></div> </li> </ul>   **Craft standard:** Both craft standards apply here — [[WT!Three_js_Microsim_Master_Class|three.js]] and [[WT!P5_js_Microsim_Master_Class|p5.js]].   ## Stations · added 2026-09-10 (main-article wave) Eighteen p5.js microsims, six for each of three Compendium main articles, each with its own child article researched from the Portal Books, gated before shipping, and filmed at 16:9 and 9:16. Published to the live site, `wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app`, on 2026-09-10 (production deploy `6aa30fe920c4094468e3f3eb`). ### [[Hydropower]] — section 15, water falling through machines  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydraulic_head.html" data-title="Hydraulic head"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Spillway.html" data-title="Spillway"></div> </div>  <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Water_wheel.html" data-title="Water wheel"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Water_turbine.html" data-title="Water turbine"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Pelton_wheel.html" data-title="Pelton wheel"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Francis_turbine.html" data-title="Francis turbine"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hydraulic_head.html" data-title="Hydraulic head"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Spillway.html" data-title="Spillway"></div> </div> - [[Water_wheel]] — undershot, breastshot or overshot: about 85% of ρgQH reaches the shaft of a good overshot wheel, at most half with flat blades (Müller & Kauppert 2004; Bar-Meir §6.3). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Water_wheel_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Water_wheel_9x16.mp4) - [[Water_turbine]] — head and flow choose the runner — Kaplan, Francis or Pelton (U.S. DOE turbine types). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Water_turbine_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Water_turbine_9x16.mp4) - [[Pelton_wheel]] — efficiency η = 2λ(1 − λ)(1 − k cos θ) peaks at half the jet speed (Bar-Meir §6.3). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Pelton_wheel_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Pelton_wheel_9x16.mp4) - [[Francis_turbine]] — the Euler turbine equation in velocity triangles; best where no swirl leaves the runner. Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Francis_turbine_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Francis_turbine_9x16.mp4) - [[Hydraulic_head]] — piezometers trace the grade line that Darcy–Weisbach friction bends down. Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Hydraulic_head_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Hydraulic_head_9x16.mp4) - [[Spillway]] — q = √g(2H/3)^{3/2} over the crest; the hydraulic jump needs its sequent depth (Smyth §9.3). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Spillway_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Spillway_9x16.mp4) ### [[Hydroelectricity]] — section 16, turning falling water into grid power  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity.html" data-title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Electric_generator.html" data-title="Electric generator"></div> </div>  <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity.html" data-title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Penstock.html" data-title="Penstock"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Capacity_factor.html" data-title="Capacity factor"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Electric_generator.html" data-title="Electric generator"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Grid_energy_storage.html" data-title="Grid energy storage"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity.html" data-title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity"></div> </div> - [[Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity]] — a day at a plant sized like TVA's Raccoon Mountain (Kerlin ch. 9): E = ρgVH, about 80% round trip. Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity_9x16.mp4) - [[Penstock]] — power peaks where friction eats a third of the head. Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Penstock_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Penstock_9x16.mp4) - [[Capacity_factor]] — U.S. hydro ≈ 40%, wind ≈ 33%, solar ≈ 20% (Murphy ch. 11–13). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Capacity_factor_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Capacity_factor_9x16.mp4) - [[Electric_generator]] — f = p·n/120: a 200 rpm hydro runner needs 36 poles for 60 Hz (OpenStax UP2 §13.6). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Electric_generator_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Electric_generator_9x16.mp4) - [[Grid_energy_storage]] — storage shrinks unmet demand and curtailment together; batteries 60–90% round trip (Murphy ch. 16). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Grid_energy_storage_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Grid_energy_storage_9x16.mp4) - [[Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity]] — the design-flow trade on a snowmelt river. Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity_9x16.mp4) ### [[Hydrology]] — section 19, where Minnesota's water goes  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Groundwater.html" data-title="Groundwater"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Aquifer.html" data-title="Aquifer"></div> </div>  <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Water_cycle.html" data-title="Water cycle"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Groundwater.html" data-title="Groundwater"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Aquifer.html" data-title="Aquifer"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Infiltration_(hydrology).html" data-title="Infiltration (hydrology)"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hydrograph.html" data-title="Hydrograph"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Drainage_basin.html" data-title="Drainage basin"></div> </div> - [[Water_cycle]] — stocks and measured flows (USGS; Rodell et al. 2016): nine days in the air, three thousand years in the ocean. Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Water_cycle_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Water_cycle_9x16.mp4) - [[Groundwater]] — Dupuit water table and seepage velocity: years in sand, millennia in clay (Theis & Tomkin). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Groundwater_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Groundwater_9x16.mp4) - [[Aquifer]] — Cooper–Jacob cone of depression spreading from an hour to a year (Zeidouni ch. 8). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Aquifer_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Aquifer_9x16.mp4) - [[Infiltration_(hydrology)]] — Horton capacity against rain on sand, loam and clay (Horton 1933). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Infiltration_(hydrology)_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Infiltration_(hydrology)_9x16.mp4) - [[Hydrograph]] — pave the catchment and the flood comes higher and sooner (EPA CADDIS; USGS). Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Hydrograph_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Hydrograph_9x16.mp4) - [[Drainage_basin]] — three outlets named for Minnesota's drainages; tilt the land and the divides move. Videos: [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Drainage_basin_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Drainage_basin_9x16.mp4)   ## Worklist · added 2026-09-10  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Liquid–liquid_critical_point.html" data-title="Liquid–liquid critical point"></div>  The Compendium's microsim backlog, carried over from the Thury worklist so it is legible from the page. Each row pairs with the English Wikipedia article of the same title; the **Row** id is what agents claim through the parallel queue (`wtq.py claim --portal Thury_Hydrodynamics_Apex_Spine`). Blue links already have an article here; red links are the build-next list. [[Liquid–liquid_critical_point]] (THY-001) is published: [play the sim](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_critical_point.html) · videos [16:9](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_critical_point_16x9.mp4) · [9:16](https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/media/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_critical_point_9x16.mp4). ### Water (build first — the spine's lead)  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hydrogen_bond.html" data-title="Hydrogen bond"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydrogen_bond.html" data-title="Hydrogen bond · thury"></div> </div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-001 | [[Liquid–liquid_critical_point]] | `rho = x*rho_LDL + (1-x)*rho_HDL; K = 0.4407*Tc/T` | drag the state point through the critical point and across the line | | THY-002 | [[Properties_of_water]] | `rho(T) peaks near 4 °C` | cool a lake from the top; watch it turn over at the density maximum | | THY-003 | [[Polyamorphism]] | `LDA -> HDA: abrupt density jump under pressure` | squeeze low-density amorphous ice until it collapses to high-density | | THY-004 | [[Supercooling]] | `dG* = 16*pi*gamma^3 / (3*dGv^2)` | cool a droplet below 0 °C, then drop a seed crystal | | THY-005 | [[Phases_of_ice]] | `Clausius–Clapeyron dP/dT = L/(T*dV)` | wander the phase diagram; ice Ih melts under pressure | | THY-006 | [[Hydrogen_bond]] | `E_HB ~ 20 kJ/mol, tetrahedral` | heat a hydrogen-bond network and count broken bonds | | THY-007 | [[Critical_point_(thermodynamics)]] | `rho_l - rho_g ~ (Tc - T)^beta` | heat sealed water toward 647 K; the meniscus fades | | THY-008 | [[Molecular_dynamics]] | `x(t+dt) = 2x(t) - x(t-dt) + a*dt^2` | run water-like particles; switch the thermostat on and off | | THY-009 | [[Water_model]] | `3-site vs 4-site charges` | rotate TIP3P-style and TIP4P-style molecules; compare dipoles | | THY-010 | [[Free-electron_laser]] | `lambda = (lambda_u / 2*gamma^2)(1 + K^2/2)` | tune beam energy until the undulator hits X-ray wavelengths | ### Fluid dynamics  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Bernoulli's_principle.html" data-title="Bernoulli's principle"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Boundary_layer.html" data-title="Boundary layer"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Turbulence.html" data-title="Turbulence"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Vorticity.html" data-title="Vorticity"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Kármán_vortex_street.html" data-title="Kármán vortex street"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Compressible_flow.html" data-title="Compressible flow"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Froude_number.html" data-title="Froude number"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydraulic_jump.html" data-title="Hydraulic jump"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/drag_(physics)_microsim.html" data-title="Drag (physics)"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Drag_(physics).html" data-title="Drag (physics) · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Magnetohydrodynamics.html" data-title="Magnetohydrodynamics"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Darcy's_law.html" data-title="Darcy's law"></div> </div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-011 | [[Fluid_dynamics]] | `Re = rho*u*D/mu` | raise Re past a cylinder: creeping flow, twin eddies, vortex street, wake turbulence | | THY-012 | [[Fluid_mechanics]] | `p = p0 + rho*g*h` | toggle a tank between still and draining: statics, then dynamics | | THY-013 | [[Continuity_equation]] | `A1*v1 = A2*v2` | squeeze the channel; dye speeds up through the throat | | THY-014 | [[Bernoulli's_principle]] | `p + rho*v^2/2 + rho*g*h = const` | drain a tank; jet speed follows sqrt(2gh) | | THY-015 | [[Venturi_effect]] | `p1 - p2 = (rho/2)(v2^2 - v1^2)` | pinch the throat; manometer columns part | | THY-016 | [[Navier–Stokes_equations]] | `rho(du/dt + u.grad u) = -grad p + mu*lap u` | lid-driven cavity; raise Re and watch corner eddies appear | | THY-017 | [[Euler_equations_(fluid_dynamics)]] | `rho*Du/Dt = -grad p` | switch viscosity off; the no-slip layer disappears | | THY-018 | [[Hagen–Poiseuille_equation]] | `Q = pi*R^4*dp / (8*mu*L)` | halve the pipe radius; flow falls sixteenfold | | THY-019 | [[Reynolds_number]] | `Re = rho*u*D/mu` | Reynolds' dye experiment; the thread breaks up near Re 2300 | | THY-020 | [[Viscosity]] | `tau = mu*du/dy` | drag the top plate over water, honey and air | | THY-021 | [[Non-Newtonian_fluid]] | `tau = K*(du/dy)^n` | slide n through 1: shear-thinning to shear-thickening | | THY-022 | [[Stokes_flow]] | `grad p = mu*lap u` | stir dye between cylinders, then unstir it back | | THY-023 | [[Stokes's_law]] | `F = 6*pi*mu*R*v` | drop silt, sand and clay; terminal speed scales with R^2 | | THY-024 | [[Potential_flow]] | `lap phi = 0` | place sources, sinks and a stream; build a Rankine oval | | THY-025 | [[Boundary_layer]] | `delta ~ 5x / sqrt(Re_x)` | flat plate in a stream; the layer thickens downstream | | THY-026 | [[Laminar_flow]] | `u(r) = u_max(1 - r^2/R^2)` | watch the parabolic profile develop from the inlet | | THY-027 | [[Turbulence]] | `E(k) ~ k^(-5/3)` | feed big eddies; energy cascades to small ones | | THY-028 | [[Vorticity]] | `omega = curl u` | a paddlewheel probe spins in shear flow but not in a free vortex | | THY-029 | [[Kármán_vortex_street]] | `St = f*D/U ~ 0.2` | raise the flow past a cylinder; vortices shed alternately | | THY-030 | [[Compressible_flow]] | `Ma = u/c` | send a piston pulse through air, then through water | | THY-031 | [[Hydraulic_shock]] | `dp = rho*c*dv` | slam a valve shut; the pressure wave rings up the pipe | | THY-032 | [[Froude_number]] | `Fr = u / sqrt(g*h)` | stone in a stream; upstream ripples vanish above Fr 1 | | THY-033 | [[Hydraulic_jump]] | `h2/h1 = (sqrt(1 + 8*Fr1^2) - 1)/2` | spillway jet jumps from supercritical to subcritical | | THY-034 | [[Mach_number]] | `sin(mu) = 1/Ma` | moving source; the wavefronts fold into a cone past Ma 1 | | THY-035 | [[Drag_(physics)]] | `F_D = rho*v^2*C_D*A/2` | swap shapes; read C_D against Re | | THY-036 | [[Magnetohydrodynamics]] | `F = J x B` | MHD thruster: drive seawater with crossed current and field | | THY-037 | [[Knudsen_number]] | `Kn = lambda / L` | shrink the channel until the continuum breaks down | | THY-038 | [[Hydraulic_head]] | `h = z + p/(rho*g)` | piezometer tubes along a pipe; the head line falls with friction | | THY-039 | [[Darcy's_law]] | `Q = -K*A*dh/dL` | push water through sand, silt and clay columns | ### Hydrodynamic stability  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydrodynamic_stability.html" data-title="Hydrodynamic stability"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Kelvin–Helmholtz_instability.html" data-title="Kelvin–Helmholtz instability"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Rayleigh–Bénard_convection.html" data-title="Rayleigh–Bénard convection"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Bifurcation_theory.html" data-title="Bifurcation theory"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/DvoQSoX2z" data-title="Bifurcation theory · p5.js"></div> </div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-040 | [[Hydrodynamic_stability]] | `sigma(k) > 0 => unstable` | perturb a base flow; the growth-rate curve picks the winning wavelength | | THY-041 | [[Kelvin–Helmholtz_instability]] | `k*r1*r2*(U1-U2)^2 > g*(r1^2 - r2^2)` | raise the shear across a density interface; billows roll up | | THY-042 | [[Rayleigh–Taylor_instability]] | `sigma = sqrt(A*g*k), A = (r_h - r_l)/(r_h + r_l)` | put heavy fluid over light; fingers fall | | THY-043 | [[Rayleigh–Bénard_convection]] | `Ra = g*beta*dT*d^3/(nu*kappa) > 1708` | heat from below; cells appear at the critical Rayleigh number | | THY-044 | [[Taylor–Couette_flow]] | `Ta > Ta_c` | spin the inner cylinder; Taylor vortices stack | | THY-045 | [[Plateau–Rayleigh_instability]] | `unstable for lambda > pi*D` | a falling stream beads into drops | | THY-046 | [[Orr–Sommerfeld_equation]] | `Re_c ~ 5772 (plane Poiseuille)` | drag (Re, alpha) across the neutral curve | | THY-047 | [[Richtmyer–Meshkov_instability]] | `d(eta)/dt = k*A*du*eta0` | a shock hits a rippled interface; the ripple inverts and grows | | THY-048 | [[Saffman–Taylor_instability]] | `fingers when mu_invading < mu_displaced` | push water into oil in a Hele-Shaw cell | | THY-049 | [[Bifurcation_theory]] | `dx/dt = r*x - x^3` | slide r through zero; one rest state splits in two | | THY-050 | [[Linear_stability]] | `x' = J x, stable iff Re(eig) < 0` | drag eigenvalues across the imaginary axis | | THY-051 | [[Rayleigh_number]] | `Ra = g*beta*dT*L^3/(nu*kappa)` | heat a pan: conduction, then rolls, then plumes | ### Hydropower  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydropower.html" data-title="Hydropower"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydraulic_ram.html" data-title="Hydraulic ram"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/matter/Tidal_power.html" data-title="Tidal power"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Cavitation.html" data-title="Cavitation"></div> </div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-052 | [[Hydropower]] | `P = eta*rho*g*Q*H` | set head and flow; kilowatts on the dial | | THY-053 | [[Water_wheel]] | `P = eta*rho*g*Q*H` | switch undershot, breastshot, overshot; compare efficiency | | THY-054 | [[Watermill]] | `tau = F*r, omega_out = omega_in * gear ratio` | gear the wheel to the millstone | | THY-055 | [[Water_turbine]] | `Ns = N*sqrt(P) / H^(5/4)` | slide head and flow; the chart picks Pelton, Francis or Kaplan | | THY-056 | [[Pelton_wheel]] | `max power at u_bucket = v_jet/2` | tune bucket speed; efficiency peaks at half jet speed | | THY-057 | [[Francis_turbine]] | `P = rho*Q*(u1*cu1 - u2*cu2)` | open the guide vanes; watch the velocity triangles | | THY-058 | [[Kaplan_turbine]] | `eta(Q) stays flat with blade pitch` | vary flow with fixed vs adjustable blades | | THY-059 | [[Specific_speed]] | `Ns = N*sqrt(Q) / H^(3/4) (pump form)` | plot a turbine family on one dimensionless chart | | THY-060 | [[Penstock]] | `h_f = f*(L/D)*v^2/(2g)` | lengthen the pipe; friction eats the head | | THY-061 | [[Hydraulic_ram]] | `dp = rho*c*dv` | the waste valve slams; a little water climbs high | | THY-062 | [[Trompe]] | `p_air = p0 + rho*g*h` | falling water drags air into a chamber; pressure tracks the drop | | THY-063 | [[Tidal_power]] | `E = rho*g*A*h^2 / 2` | double the tidal range; energy quadruples | | THY-064 | [[Cavitation]] | `sigma = (p - p_v) / (rho*v^2/2)` | spin up a propeller; bubbles form when sigma drops | ### Hydroelectricity  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydroelectricity.html" data-title="Hydroelectricity"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Dam.html" data-title="Dam"></div> </div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-065 | [[Hydroelectricity]] | `P = eta*rho*g*Q*H` | dispatch hydro against a daily demand curve | | THY-066 | [[Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity]] | `eta_rt = eta_pump * eta_gen` | pump at night, generate at the peak; count the losses | | THY-067 | [[Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity]] | `P(t) = eta*rho*g*Q(t)*H` | play a year's hydrograph: spring melt to August low | | THY-068 | [[Small_hydro]] | `P = eta*rho*g*Q*H` | classify plants by size band as flow and head change | | THY-069 | [[Micro_hydro]] | `P[kW] = 9.81*Q*H*eta` | size a system for a farm creek | | THY-070 | [[Pico_hydro]] | `P = eta*rho*g*Q*H (< 5 kW)` | match household loads to a trickle | | THY-071 | [[Dam]] | `F = rho*g*w*H^2 / 2` | raise the reservoir; the pressure triangle and thrust grow | | THY-072 | [[Spillway]] | `Q = C*L*H^(3/2)` | raise the pool; discharge climbs with the 3/2 power | | THY-073 | [[Weir]] | `Q = C*L*H^(3/2)` | measure a stream with a sharp-crested weir | | THY-074 | [[Reservoir]] | `dS/dt = Q_in - Q_out - E` | run the water budget through a dry summer | | THY-075 | [[Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs]] | `trap efficiency vs residence time` | let a reservoir silt up over decades | | THY-076 | [[St._Anthony_Falls_Hydroelectric_Development]] | `P = eta*rho*g*Q*H` | rebuild the 1882 Upton Island station; light Washington Avenue | ### Hydroponics  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Hydroponics.html" data-title="Hydroponics"></div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-077 | [[Hydroponics]] | `dC/dt = (C_in - C)*Q/V - U` | keep a dosing tank's nutrient level in band as plants feed | | THY-078 | [[Deep_water_culture]] | `dO/dt = kLa*(O* - O) - R` | switch the air stone off; dissolved oxygen falls | | THY-079 | [[Nutrient_film_technique]] | `h = (3*nu*q / (g*sin(theta)))^(1/3)` | tilt the channel; the film thins | | THY-080 | [[Aeroponics]] | `settling v = 2*r^2*rho*g / (9*mu)` | change droplet size and mist interval | | THY-081 | [[Aquaponics]] | `NH3 -> NO2- -> NO3-` | balance fish feed against plant uptake | | THY-082 | [[Vertical_farming]] | `pump head = sum of shelf heights + losses` | stack shelves; watch pump power climb | | THY-083 | [[Capillary_action]] | `h = 2*gamma*cos(theta) / (rho*g*r)` | narrow the tube; water climbs higher | | THY-084 | [[Osmosis]] | `Pi = i*M*R*T` | salt the solution; root water uptake stalls, then reverses | | THY-085 | [[Transpiration]] | `E = g_s * VPD` | raise humidity; the leaf's water pull slows | | THY-086 | [[Mineral_wool]] | `theta(psi) water retention curve` | drain a rock-wool slab; read air vs water fraction | | THY-087 | [[Perlite]] | `theta(psi) water retention curve` | mix perlite into a substrate; drainage improves | ### Minnesota waters  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Saint_Anthony_Falls.html" data-title="Saint Anthony Falls"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Mississippi_River.html" data-title="Mississippi River"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Lake_Superior.html" data-title="Lake Superior"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Red_River_of_the_North.html" data-title="Red River of the North"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Lake_Agassiz.html" data-title="Lake Agassiz"></div> </div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-088 | [[Saint_Anthony_Falls]] | `tau = rho*g*h*S` | undercut the soft sandstone beneath the limestone cap; the falls retreat | | THY-089 | [[Saint_Anthony_Falls_Laboratory]] | `Fr_model = Fr_prototype => Q_r = L_r^(5/2)` | scale a river model the way SAFL does | | THY-090 | [[Mississippi_River]] | `Q = A*v` | route a spring flood from the headwaters to Minneapolis | | THY-091 | [[Lake_Itasca]] | `t = L / v` | follow a drop from Itasca to the Gulf at river speed | | THY-092 | [[Lake_Superior]] | `T = 2L / sqrt(g*h)` | a storm pushes the lake; it sloshes back for hours | | THY-093 | [[Seiche]] | `T_n = 2L / (n*sqrt(g*h))` | set basin length and depth; excite the modes | | THY-094 | [[Red_River_of_the_North]] | `dS/dt = Q_in - Q_out` | melt the south first; water piles against northern ice | | THY-095 | [[Tile_drainage]] | `q = (8*K*d*h + 4*K*h^2) / L^2` | change tile spacing; the water table drops between lines | | THY-096 | [[Groundwater]] | `v = K*i / n` | trace a plume through the aquifer | | THY-097 | [[Aquifer]] | `s = Q / (2*pi*T) * ln(R/r)` | pump a well; the cone of depression spreads | | THY-098 | [[Lake_Agassiz]] | `outlet switch as ice retreats` | retreat the ice sheet; the lake drains through new outlets | ### Noble branch  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Superfluid_helium-4.html" data-title="Superfluid helium-4"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/wxBSln5z5" data-title="Superfluid helium-4 · p5.js"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Lambda_point.html" data-title="Lambda point"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Lambda_point.html" data-title="Lambda point · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Cryogenics.html" data-title="Cryogenics · thury"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/1unm-XNLx" data-title="Cryogenics · p5.js"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Dilution_refrigerator.html" data-title="Dilution refrigerator"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/ZOYPv_pYk" data-title="Dilution refrigerator · p5.js"></div> </div>  | Row | Article | Microsim equation | What the viewer does | |-----|---------|-------------------|----------------------| | THY-099 | [[Superfluidity]] | `rho = rho_s + rho_n` | cool through the lambda point; the superfluid fraction climbs | | THY-100 | [[Superfluid_helium-4]] | `dp = rho*s*dT` | heat the porous plug; the fountain rises | | THY-101 | [[Two-fluid_model]] | `rho_s/rho vs T/T_lambda` | rotate the bucket; only the normal fluid follows | | THY-102 | [[Lambda_point]] | `T_lambda = 2.17 K` | sweep temperature; heat capacity spikes in a lambda shape | | THY-103 | [[Cryogenics]] | `boil-off = Q_leak / L_v` | add insulation layers; boil-off falls | | THY-104 | [[Dilution_refrigerator]] | `Q_cool ~ n3_dot * T^2` | pump helium-3 across the phase boundary; the mixing chamber falls to millikelvin | ### Water addendum  *Microsims from the articles this section links:* <div class="wt-simrow"> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/Hydronium.html" data-title="Hydronium"></div> <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/thury/Wind_wave.html" data-title="Wind wave"></div> </div>  74 further water articles drawn from the 1,000-paper corpus, queued in the Water shard (rows WAT-001 onward): [[Wetting]] · [[Graphitic_carbon_nitride]] · [[Hydrophobic_effect]] · [[Δ18O]] · [[Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water]] · [[Proton_exchange_membrane_electrolysis]] · [[Denaturation_(biochemistry)]] · [[Residual_entropy]] · [[Radial_distribution_function]] · [[Ice_rules]] · [[Relative_permittivity]] · [[Graphite_oxide]] · [[Nanofluidics]] · [[Adsorption]] · [[Hydronium]] · [[Proton_transfer]] · [[Camassa–Holm_equation]] · [[Electrochemical_window]] · [[Alkaline_water_electrolysis]] · [[Water_activity]] · [[Taylor_cone]] · [[Bismuth_vanadate]] · [[Sum_frequency_generation_spectroscopy]] · [[Natural_bond_orbital]] · [[Nucleation]] · [[Double_layer_(surface_science)]] · [[Basis_set_(chemistry)]] · [[Gerridae]] · [[Advanced_oxidation_process]] · [[Perovskite_solar_cell]] · [[Bjerrum_defect]] · [[Modulational_instability]] · [[Heterojunction]] · [[Mpemba_effect]] · [[Ice]] · [[Freezing-point_depression]] · [[Spider_silk]] · [[Fog_collection]] · [[Reverse_osmosis]] · [[Copper(I)_oxide]] · [[Log_wind_profile]] · [[Terminal_velocity]] · [[Rotational–vibrational_spectroscopy]] · [[Radiation_stress]] · [[Atmospheric_water_generator]] · [[Cloud_physics]] · [[Kosmotropic]] · [[Peregrine_soliton]] · [[Mass_diffusivity]] · [[Superhydrophobic_coating]] · [[Free-energy_perturbation]] · [[Standard_electrode_potential]] · [[Hofmeister_series]] · [[Nafion]] · [[Minnaert_resonance]] · [[Surface_tension]] · [[Breaking_wave]] · [[Stokes_drift]] · [[Silicic_acid]] · [[Weathering]] · [[Metal_aquo_complex]] · [[Calcite]] · [[Activity_coefficient]] · [[Water_dimer]] · [[Stress_corrosion_cracking]] · [[Microemulsion]] · [[Boiling]] · [[Osmotic_power]] · [[Shallow_water_equations]] · [[Carbonic_acid]] · [[Photodissociation]] · [[Langmuir_circulation]] · [[Wind_wave]] · [[Davies_equation]].  --- *Repopulated 2026-09-10 · append-only · source: thury-compendium/THURY_COMPENDIUM_MAIN.md + worklists THY/WAT@a26f20c0 · 157 added · 0 deletions* --- *Repopulated 2026-09-19 · append-only · source: _tools/generate/g34_portal_section_sims.py@00a28cb2 (players of the linked articles, each URL 200-checked) · 224 added · 0 deletions*