# Copper
## ๐ง Copper ยท 3D (three.js)
<iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Cu&embed=1" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" style="border:0;border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden" allowfullscreen loading="lazy" title="The Elements 3D microsim - Copper"></iframe>
*Copper in the live three.js Elements explorer โ drag to orbit the atom, click any tile to compare, slide the temperature.* ยท [โถ open full](https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Cu)
<!-- ELEMENTS_MICROSIM:END -->
!Copper plate.svg
*Plate 29 of 118 - animated Bohr shells, stylized per Madelung filling; engraving style per house Arcanity kit.*
## Microsim To Do
*Claimable rows, house pattern. Real Wikipedia articles only.*
- Chalcopyrite ore - copper sulfide minerals and extraction
- Porphyry copper deposits - large low-grade ore bodies
- Galvanization - copper and zinc protective coatings
## Links (Wikipedia order)
<!-- injected from _registry/childlinks/Copper.json (2026-07-30T02:09:12Z) -->
`Aaldert_Wapstra` ยท `Abalone` ยท `Acid_mine_drainage` ยท [[Actinium]] ยท `Adenosine_triphosphate` ยท `Adenoviridae` ยท `Aerobic_organism` ยท `Agate` ยท `Airbus_A380` ยท `Alchemy` ยท `Alderley_Edge_Mines` ยท `Alexandria` ยท `Alkali_metal` ยท `Alkali_metal_cuprates(III)` ยท `Alkaline_earth_metal` ยท `Alkene` ยท [[Alloy]] ยท [[Aluminium]] ยท `Aluminium_bronze` ยท `Alzheimer's_disease` ยท `Amazonite` ยท `Amber` ยท `American_Elements` ยท [[Americium]] ยท `Amethyst` ยท `Amide` ยท `Amine` ยท `Amino_acid` ยท `Ammolite` ยท `Ammonia_solution` ยท `Anaconda_Copper` ยท `Ancient_Egypt` ยท `Anemia` ยท `Anklet` ยท `Antimicrobial` ยท `Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces` ยท `Antimicrobial_properties_of_copper` ยท [[Antimony]] ยท `Aphrodite` ยท `Aquaculture` ยท `Aqueous_solution` ยท `Argentium_sterling_silver` ยท [[Argon]] ยท `Arizona` ยท [[Arsenic]] ยท `Art_jewelry` ยท `Arthritis` ยท `Arthropod` ยท [[Astatine]] ยท `Atomic_number` ยท `Atomic_radius` ยท `Augustus` ยท `Aventurine` ยท `Azurite` ยท `Bacteriostatic_agent` ยท `Balkans` ยท `Ball-and-stick_model` ยท [[Barium]] ยท `Barnacle` ยท `Base_(chemistry)` ยท `Base_metal` ยท `Basic_copper_carbonate` ยท `Bell` ยท `Belly_chain` ยท `Belt_buckle` ยท `Bench_jeweler` ยท `Benedict's_reagent` ยท [[Berkelium]] ยท `Beryl` ยท [[Beryllium]] ยท [[Beta_decay]] ยท `Bezoar` ยท `Bile` ยท `Bingham_Canyon,_Utah` ยท `Bingham_Canyon_Mine` ยท `Biofouling` ยท [[Bismuth]] ยท `Black_coral` ยท `Block_(periodic_table)` ยท `Bloomery` ยท `Body_piercing_jewelry` ยท `Bog-wood` ยท [[Bohrium]] ยท [[Boiling_point]] ยท `Bolo_tie` ยท `Bordeaux_mixture` ยท `Bornite` ยท [[Boron]] ยท `Boron_group` ยท `Bracelet` ยท `Brass` ยท `Brazing` ยท `Brinell_hardness_test` ยท `Britannia_silver` ยท `British_Geological_Survey` ยท [[Bromine]] ยท `Bronze` ยท `Bronze_Age` ยท `Brooch` ยท `Building_material` ยท `Bulk_modulus` ยท `Busbar` ยท `Butte,_Montana` ยท `CAS_Registry_Number` ยท `CadiotโChodkiewicz_coupling` ยท [[Cadmium]] ยท [[Caesium]] ยท `Caesium_hexafluorocuprate(IV)` ยท `Cahokia` ยท `Cajรณn_del_Maipo` ยท [[Calcium]] ยท [[Californium]] ยท `Cambrian` ยท `Cameo_(carving)` ยท `Carat_(mass)` ยท `Carbometalation` ยท [[Carbon]] ยท `Carbon_group` ยท `Carbon_monoxide` ยท `Carnelian` ยท `Carpathian_Mountains` ยท `Casting` ยท `Cellular_respiration` ยท `Cellulose` ยท `Central_Eastern_Alps` ยท `Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)` ยท [[Cerium]] ยท `Ceruloplasmin` ยท `Chalcocite` ยท `Chalcogen` ยท `Chalcolithic` ยท `Chalcopyrite` ยท `Chaperone_(protein)` ยท `Chatelaine_(chain)` ยท `Chemical_Reviews` ยท [[Chemical_element]] ยท `Chemical_symbol` ยท `Cheshire` ยท `Chevreul's_salt` ยท `Chimor` ยท [[Chlorine]] ยท `Chromated_copper_arsenate` ยท [[Chromium]] ยท `Chrysoberyl` ยท `Chrysocolla` ยท `Chuquicamata` ยท `Cirrhosis` ยท `Clean_technology` ยท `Clockmaker` ยท [[Cobalt]] ยท `Codelco` ยท `Coin` ยท `Cold_water_pitting_of_copper_tube` ยท `Collar_pin` ยท `Colored_gold` ยท `Comminution` ยท `Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights` ยท `Commodification` ยท `Commodity_market` ยท `Constantan` ยท `Continuous_casting` ยท `Converting_(metallurgy)` ยท `Cookware_and_bakeware` ยท `Coordination_Chemistry_Reviews` ยท `Coordination_complex` ยท `Copal` ยท [[Copernicium]] ยท `Copper(I)_acetylide` ยท `Copper(I)_bromide` ยท `Copper(I)_chloride` ยท `Copper(I)_cyanide` ยท `Copper(I)_fluoride` ยท `Copper(I)_hydroxide` ยท `Copper(I)_iodide` ยท `Copper(I)_nitrate` ยท `Copper(I)_oxide` ยท `Copper(I)_phosphide` ยท `Copper(I)_sulfide` ยท `Copper(I)_thiocyanate` ยท `Copper(II)_acetate` ยท `Copper(II)_arsenate` ยท `Copper(II)_azide` ยท `Copper(II)_borate` ยท `Copper(II)_bromide` ยท `Copper(II)_carbonate` ยท `Copper(II)_chlorate` ยท `Copper(II)_chloride` ยท `Copper(II)_fluoride` ยท `Copper(II)_hexafluoroantimonate` ยท `Copper(II)_hydroxide` ยท `Copper(II)_lactate` ยท `Copper(II)_laurate` ยท `Copper(II)_nitrate` ยท `Copper(II)_oxalate` ยท `Copper(II)_oxide` ยท `Copper(II)_perchlorate` ยท `Copper(II)_phosphate` ยท `Copper(II)_stearate` ยท `Copper(II)_sulfate` ยท `Copper(II)_telluride` ยท `Copper(II)_tetrafluoroborate` ยท `Copper(II)_thiocyanate` ยท `Copper(II)_trifluoroacetate` ยท `Copper-64` ยท `Copper_(color)` ยท `Copper_(disambiguation)` ยท `Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture` ยท `Copper_benzoate` ยท `Copper_chromite` ยท `Copper_compounds` ยท `Copper_deficiency` ยท `Copper_ditelluride` ยท `Copper_electroplating` ยท `Copper_extraction` ยท `Copper_foil` ยท `Copper_hydride` ยท `Copper_in_architecture` ยท `Copper_in_biology` ยท `Copper_in_renewable_energy` ยท `Copper_monosulfide` ยท `Copper_nanoparticle` ยท `Copper_oxide` ยท `Copper_peroxide` ยท `Copper_sheathing` ยท `Copper_silicide` ยท `Copper_sulfide` ยท `Copper_toxicity` ยท `Coral` ยท `Corinthian_bronze` ยท [[Corrosion]] ยท `Coupling_reaction` ยท `Covalent_bond` ยท `Covalent_radius` ยท `Covellite` ยท `Creep_(deformation)` ยท `Crete` ยท `Crown` ยท `Crown_gold` ยท [[Crystal_structure]] ยท `Crystallite` ยท [[Cubic_crystal_system]] ยท `Cufflink` ยท `Cuprate` ยท `Cuprate_superconductor` ยท `Cuprite` ยท `Cupronickel` ยท [[Curium]] ยท `Cyprus` ยท `Cytochrome_c_oxidase` ยท `Daguerreotype` ยท [[Darmstadtium]] ยท [[Decay_product]] ยท `Deep_sea_mining` ยท [[Density]] ยท `Depletion_gilding` ยท `Diamagnetism` ยท `Diamond` ยท `Dietary_Reference_Intake` ยท `Dietary_supplement` ยท `Digenite` ยท `Dime_(Canadian_coin)` ยท `Dime_(United_States_coin)` ยท `Diopside` ยท `Disproportionation` ยท `Dome` ยท `Door` ยท `Downspout` ยท `Draw_plate` ยท [[Dubnium]] ยท `Ductility` ยท [[Dysprosium]] ยท `Earring` ยท `Earth's_crust` ยท `Ebonite` ยท `Egyptian_blue` ยท `Egyptian_faience` ยท [[Einsteinium]] ยท `El_Boleo` ยท `Electric_power_distribution` ยท [[Electric_power_transmission]] ยท `Electric_vehicle` ยท `Electrical_conductor` ยท [[Electrical_grid]] ยท `Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity` ยท `Electrical_wiring` ยท `Electrification` ยท `Electrolyte` ยท `Electromagnet` ยท `Electron_configuration` ยท `Electron_shell` ยท `Electron_transfer` ยท `Electronegativity` ยท [[Electronics]] ยท `Electroplating` ยท `Electrowinning` ยท `Electrum` ยท `Emerald` ยท `Enargite` ยท `Engraved_gem` ยท `Enterohepatic_circulation` ยท `Enthalpy_of_fusion` ยท `Enthalpy_of_vaporization` ยท [[Erbium]] ยท `Escherichia_coli` ยท `Ethylenediamine` ยท `European_Food_Safety_Authority` ยท `European_rabbit` ยท [[Europium]] ยท `Expansion_joint` ยท `Falun` ยท `Fashion` ยท `Feed_conversion_ratio` ยท `Fehling's_solution` ยท [[Fermium]] ยท `Ferronniรจre` ยท `File_(tool)` ยท `Filigree` ยท `Financialization` ยท `Finding_(jewelcrafting)` ยท `Fineness` ยท `Flash_smelting` ยท `Flashing_(weatherproofing)` ยท [[Flerovium]] ยท `Fluoride` ยท [[Fluorine]] ยท `Fluorite` ยท `Flux_(metallurgy)` ยท `Foldforming` ยท [[Francium]] ยท `Froth_flotation` ยท `Functional_group` ยท `Fungicide` ยท `Fungus` ยท [[Gadolinium]] ยท [[Gallium]] ยท `Galvanic_corrosion` ยท `Garnet` ยท `Gas_metal_arc_welding` ยท `Gemology` ยท `Gemstone` ยท `Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd` ยท [[Germanium]] ยท `Gilman_reagent` ยท [[Gold]] ยท `Goldsmith` ยท `Grasberg_mine` ยท `Great_Lakes` ยท `Great_Lakes_region` ยท `Grignard_reaction` ยท `Group_(periodic_table)` ยท `Group_10_element` ยท `Group_11_element` ยท `Group_12_element` ยท `Group_3_element` ยท `Group_4_element` ยท `Group_5_element` ยท `Group_6_element` ยท `Group_7_element` ยท `Group_8_element` ยท `Group_9_element` ยท `Gutta-percha` ยท [[Hafnium]] ยท `Hair_clip` ยท [[Half-life]] ยท `Halide` ยท `Halogen` ยท `Hammer` ยท `Harald_Haarmann` ยท `Hardness` ยท `Harjavalta` ยท [[Hassium]] ยท `Health_club` ยท `Heat_exchanger` ยท `Heat_sink` ยท [[Helium]] ยท `Hemocyanin` ยท `Hemoglobin` ยท `Hispania` ยท `History_of_copper_currency_in_Sweden` ยท [[Holmium]] ยท `Horseshoe_crab` ยท `Howlite` ยท `Hydrate` ยท [[Hydrogen]] ยท `Hydrogen_peroxide` ยท `Hydrometallurgy` ยท `IEEE_Spectrum` ยท `IIT_Madras` ยท [[Indium]] ยท `Induction_motor` ยท `Inductor` ยท `Industrial_Revolution` ยท `Influenza_A_virus` ยท `Ingot` ยท `Integrated_circuit` ยท `Intergovernmental_Council_of_Copper_Exporting_Countries` ยท `Internal_combustion_engine` ยท `International_Copper_Study_Group` ยท `International_Resource_Panel` ยท [[Iodine]] ยท [[Ionization_energy]] ยท [[Iridium]] ยท [[Iron]] ยท `Isle_Royale` ยท `Isotope` ยท `Isotopes_of_copper` ยท `Israel` ยท `Ivory` ยท `Jade` ยท `Jasper` ยท `Jet_(gemstone)` ยท `Jewellery` ยท `Jewellery_chain` ยท `Jewellery_design` ยท `Jewelry_model` ยท `Julius_Caesar` ยท `Kelvin` ยท `Kettle` ยท `Keweenaw_Peninsula` ยท `KharaschโSosnovsky_reaction` ยท [[Krypton]] ยท `Kyanite` ยท `LME_Copper` ยท `Labradorite` ยท `Laccase` ยท `Lacquer` ยท [[Lanthanum]] ยท `Lapel_pin` ยท `Lapidary` ยท `Lapis_lazuli` ยท `Larimar` ยท `Late_Latin` ยท `Latin` ยท `Lattice_constant` ยท [[Lawrencium]] ยท [[Lead]] ยท `Legionnaires'_disease` ยท `Ligand` ยท `Lightning_rod` ยท `List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies` ยท `List_of_copper_alloys` ยท `List_of_copper_ores` ยท `List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements` ยท `List_of_jewellery_types` ยท [[Lithium]] ยท [[Livermorium]] ยท `London_Metal_Exchange` ยท `Lost-wax_casting` ยท [[Lutetium]] ยท `Machinability` ยท `Machining` ยท [[Magnesium]] ยท `Magnetic_susceptibility` ยท `Magnetism` ยท `Malachite` ยท `Mandrel` ยท [[Manganese]] ยท `Marcasite_jewellery` ยท `Mass_number` ยท `Mehrgarh` ยท [[Meitnerium]] ยท `Melting_point` ยท [[Mendelevium]] ยท [[Mercury_(element)]] ยท `Merriam-Webster` ยท `Metal_Stocks_in_Society_report` ยท `Metal_aquo_complex` ยท `Metal_casting` ยท `Metal_clay` ยท `Metal_theft` ยท `Metallurgical_furnace` ยท `Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America` ยท `Metalworking` ยท `Meteoric_iron` ยท `Methicillin` ยท `Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus` ยท `Michigan` ยท `Middle_East` ยท `Minecart` ยท `Mining` ยท `Minneapolis_City_Hall` ยท `Mississippian_copper_plates` ยท `Mitochondria` ยท `Mokume-gane` ยท `Molar_heat_capacity` ยท `Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements` ยท [[Molybdenum]] ยท `Montana` ยท `Moonstone_(gemstone)` ยท `Morenci,_Arizona` ยท [[Moscovium]] ยท `Muntz_metal` ยท `Mussel` ยท `Nacre` ยท `National_Electrical_Manufacturers_Association` ยท `National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health` ยท `National_Pollutant_Inventory` ยท `Native_copper` ยท `Native_metal` ยท `Natron` ยท `Natural_abundance` ยท `Neck_ring` ยท `Necklace` ยท [[Neodymium]] ยท `Neolithic` ยท [[Neon]] ยท [[Neptunium]] ยท `Neutropenia` ยท `New_Kingdom_of_Egypt` ยท [[Nickel]] ยท `Nickel_silver` ยท [[Nihonium]] ยท [[Niobium]] ยท [[Nitrogen]] ยท `Nitrous-oxide_reductase` ยท [[Nobelium]] ยท [[Noble_gas]] ยท `Norman_Greenwood` ยท `Nuclear_isomer` ยท `Nucleophilic_conjugate_addition` ยท `OPEC` ยท `Obsidian` ยท `Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration` ยท [[Oganesson]] ยท `Old_English` ยท `Onyx` ยท `Opal` ยท `Open-pit_mining` ยท `Operation_Tremor` ยท `Operculum_(gastropod)` ยท `Organic_Syntheses` ยท `Organic_synthesis` ยท [[Osmium]] ยท `Outokumpu` ยท `Oxford_University_Press` ยท `Oxhide_ingot` ยท `Oxidation_state` ยท `Oxidative_phosphorylation` ยท `Oxyanion` ยท [[Oxygen]] ยท `Pacific_Ocean` ยท [[Palladium]] ยท `Paramelaconite` ยท `Parys_Mountain` ยท `Passivation_(chemistry)` ยท `Patina` ยท `Pearl` ยท `Pearson_symbol` ยท `Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)` ยท `Pendant` ยท `Peridot` ยท `Period_(periodic_table)` ยท `Period_1_element` ยท `Period_2_element` ยท `Period_3_element` ยท `Period_4_element` ยท `Period_5_element` ยท `Period_6_element` ยท `Period_7_element` ยท `Periodic_table` ยท `Permanent_jewellery` ยท `Permissible_exposure_limit` ยท `Pewter` ยท `Phaleristics` ยท `Phase_(matter)` ยท `Phenylcopper` ยท [[Phosphorus]] ยท `Picometre` ยท `Pigment` ยท `Pinchbeck_(alloy)` ยท `Plastocyanin` ยท `Plating` ยท [[Platinum]] ยท `Pliers` ยท [[Plutonium]] ยท `Pnictogen` ยท `Pocket_watch` ยท `Poisson's_ratio` ยท `Polishing_(metalworking)` ยท [[Polonium]] ยท `Polyol` ยท [[Positron_emission]] ยท `Positron_emission_tomography` ยท [[Potassium]] ยท `Potassium_hexafluorocuprate(III)` ยท `Potassium_tetrachloridocuprate(II)` ยท `Potassium_trichloridocuprate(II)` ยท `Pourbaix_diagram` ยท `Power_transmission` ยท [[Praseodymium]] ยท `Prasiolite` ยท `Precious_coral` ยท `Precious_metal` ยท `Premium_efficiency` ยท `Primordial_nuclide` ยท `Printed_circuit_board` ยท [[Promethium]] ยท [[Protactinium]] ยท `Quartz` ยท [[Radioactive_decay]] ยท `Radioactive_tracer` ยท [[Radium]] ยท [[Radon]] ยท `Rain_gutter` ยท `Reactions_of_organocopper_reagents` ยท `Recommended_exposure_limit` ยท `Red_beryl` ยท `Redox` ยท `Renaissance` ยท `Repoussรฉ_and_chasing` ยท `Reverberatory_furnace` ยท [[Rhenium]] ยท [[Rhodium]] ยท `Ring_(jewellery)` ยท [[Roentgenium]] ยท `Roman_metallurgy` ยท `Roman_province` ยท `Room_temperature` ยท `Royal_Canadian_Mint` ยท `Royal_Observatory,_Edinburgh` ยท [[Rubidium]] ยท `Ruby` ยท `Rust` ยท [[Ruthenium]] ยท [[Rutherfordium]] ยท `SARS-CoV-2` ยท [[Samarium]] ยท `Sapphire` ยท [[Scandium]] ยท `Schweizer's_reagent` ยท [[Seaborgium]] ยท [[Selenium]] ยท `Serum_albumin` ยท `Shakudล` ยท `Shear_modulus` ยท `Shell_jewelry` ยท `Shibuichi` ยท `Shopping_cart` ยท `Sican_culture` ยท `Siemens_(unit)` ยท [[Silicon]] ยท [[Silver]] ยท `Silversmith` ยท `Slag` ยท `Smelting` ยท `Smoky_quartz` ยท `Sodalite` ยท [[Sodium]] ยท `Sodium_hydroxide` ยท `Solder` ยท `Soldering` ยท `Solid` ยท `Sonogashira_coupling` ยท `Specific_heat_capacity` ยท `Spectral_line` ยท `Speed_of_sound` ยท [[Spin_(physics)]] ยท `Spinel` ยท `Spire` ยท `Spondylus` ยท `Stainless_steel` ยท `Standard_atomic_weight` ยท `Standard_temperature_and_pressure` ยท `Staphylococcus` ยท `Staphylococcus_aureus` ยท `Statue_of_Liberty` ยท `Sterling_silver` ยท `Stonesetting` ยท `Strain_gauge` ยท [[Strontium]] ยท `Substitution_reaction` ยท `Sulfide` ยท [[Sulfur]] ยท `Sulfur_dioxide` ยท `Sulfuric_acid` ยท `Sumer` ยท `Sunstone` ยท `Superoxide` ยท `Superoxide_dismutase` ยท `Synthetic_radioisotope` ยท [[Tantalum]] ยท `Tanzanite` ยท `Tarnish` ยท [[Technetium]] ยท [[Telecommunications]] ยท [[Tellurium]] ยท [[Tennessine]] ยท `Tenorite` ยท [[Terbium]] ยท `Tetraamminecopper(II)_sulfate` ยท `Tetrahedrite` ยท `Tetrapeptide` ยท [[Thallium]] ยท `Thermal_expansion` ยท `Thermocouple` ยท [[Thorium]] ยท [[Thulium]] ยท `Tiara` ยท `Tie_chain` ยท `Tie_clip` ยท `Tie_pin` ยท `Tiger's_eye` ยท `Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries` ยท `Timna_Valley` ยท [[Tin]] ยท [[Titanium]] ยท `Toadstone` ยท `Toe_ring` ยท `Toilet` ยท `Topaz` ยท `Tortoiseshell` ยท `Tourmaline` ยท `Trace_element` ยท `Tumbaga` ยท [[Tungsten]] ยท `Turquoise` ยท `Tyrosinase` ยท `United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency` ยท [[Uranium]] ยท `Utah` ยท `Vacuum_tube` ยท `Van_der_Waals_radius` ยท [[Vanadium]] ยท `Vapor_pressure` ยท `Variscite` ยท [[Venus]] ยท `Venus_(mythology)` ยท `Verdigris` ยท `Vickers_hardness_test` ยท `Vinฤa_culture` ยท `Vitreous_enamel` ยท `Vitruvius` ยท `Volatility_(finance)` ยท `Vyborg` ยท `Watch` ยท `Watch_strap` ยท `Watchmaker` ยท `Waveguide` ยท [[Wayback_Machine]] ยท `Wearable_art` ยท `Wikisource` ยท `Wilson's_disease` ยท `Wire_sculpture` ยท `Wire_wrapped_jewelry` ยท `Wood-decay_fungus` ยท [[Xenon]] ยท `Young's_modulus` ยท [[Ytterbium]] ยท [[Yttrium]] ยท `Yttrium_barium_copper_oxide` ยท `Zakros` ยท [[Zinc]] ยท `Zircon` ยท [[Zirconium]] ยท `รtzi`
## Gallery
!Gif Library/Engines/Electric motor.gif
*Every electric motor is a copper story (vault Gif Library)*
> **Official MAIN - Chemical element, Z = 29.** Part of the Elements Canon (one canonical page per element). Infobox grounded in [Wikipedia: List of chemical elements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements), fetched 2026-07-08. Full article: [Wikipedia: Copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper).
<!-- ELEMENTS_MICROSIM:BEGIN (auto-managed block - edits inside will be overwritten) -->
## Key facts (infobox)
| | |
|---|---|
| Symbol - Z | Cu - 29 |
| Group - Period - Block | 11 - 4 - d-block |
| Atomic weight (Da) | 63.546 |
| Density (g/cm3) | 8.96 |
| Melting - Boiling (K) | 1357.77 - 2835 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.90 |
| Crustal abundance (mg/kg) | 60 |
| Origin | primordial |
| Phase (STP) | solid |
| Name origin | Latin cuprum, after Cyprus |
*Bracketed weights are the mass number of the most stable isotope; values in parentheses are predictions (per the source table).*
## Story
Copper is one of the first elements to be isolated and worked by humans. Native copper deposits (pure copper found in nature) have been mined and shaped for over 10,000 years; archaeological evidence from Mesopotamia and Anatolia shows copper working dating to 9000 BCE, long before formal smelting techniques. The Romans called it "cuprum," from Cyprus, the island famous in antiquity for copper production. Copper played a defining role in human technological developmentโthe Bronze Age (roughly 3000-1200 BCE) was defined not by copper alone but by copper alloys with tin. For millennia, copper has been prized for its color, malleability, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
Copper is a soft, reddish-brown metal with the second-highest electrical conductivity of any element (after silver), making it essential for electrical wiring, motors, and transformers [model-prior - verify]. The primary ores are chalcopyrite (CuFeSโ), chalcocite (CuโS), and malachite (CuโCOโ(OH)โ). In its native state it appears as pure metal in certain geological settings, particularly in the ancient mines of the American Midwest [model-prior - verify]. Modern copper production is dominated by porphyry copper deposits, large low-grade ore bodies that became economically viable with modern mining and milling technology [model-prior - verify].
In the corpus, copper is the defining element of the Duluth Complexโone of the world's largest Cu-Ni deposits, discovered beneath northeastern Minnesota. The Pulsar Helium Topaz well was drilled into this deposit seeking copper and nickel when it accidentally struck a helium-bearing anomaly, revealing Minnesota as both a traditional mining jurisdiction and an emerging helium-3 resource. Copper's global demand and its concentration in Minnesota make it central to the Space Mining and critical materials discourse.
## Corpus connections
- R.E.A.C.T.I.O.N. - the Chemistry hub
- Centers of Excellence Portal
- [[Technetium|Technetium - the element made before found]] - the canon's patron - and Technitium, the School
- Space Mining in Minnesota - the Duluth Complex as the target ore body for Pulsar Helium's helium-3 discovery
- Helium Portal - copper mining as the vector for helium-3 prospecting in Minnesota
## Vocational-Technical Semiotics
The element speaks the canon's shared signs: the periodic table cell (Cu, group 11, period 4), isotope notation, and hazard pictograms ghs where handling demands it.
## Sources
Infobox: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements) (fetched 2026-07-08); etymology per the same table's notes. Story sources to be added at enrichment.
## Navigation
- Canon: Elements Canon index - neighbors by Z: [[Nickel|Nickel (28)]] - [[Zinc|Zinc (30)]]
- R.E.A.C.T.I.O.N. - Centers of Excellence
## Wikipedia : Wikitube
**Strict pair:** [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper) : [Wikitube](https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Copper)
## Previous hub tags
Tree parents: [[Helium]] ยท [[Hydrogen]] ยท [[Oxygen]].
Legacy hubs: none.
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*Sources: 2 legacy notes. Minted wave 1, 2026-07-30 (v1.6 order).*