# Gas tungsten arc welding ## Microsim ### Live player <div class="microsim-player"> <iframe src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/t7_nlT5EX" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin"></iframe> </div> <div class="microsim-fallback"> <img src="Microsims/thumbs/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding.png" alt="Gas_tungsten_arc_welding microsim poster" style="width:100%;border:1px solid #4445;border-radius:6px;"> <p><em>Live microsim (desktop) · <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/sketches/t7_nlT5EX">open sketch in the p5.js editor</a></em></p> </div> **Editor URL:** https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/sketches/t7_nlT5EX **Description (100 words):** The microsim presents a cross-sectional view of a tungsten inert-gas arc burning between a sharpened tungsten electrode and a flat plate. Three sliders set the shielding-gas helium fraction (0 to 100 %), welding current I (50-300 A), and travel speed v (1-10 mm/s). As helium content rises, the violet-and-orange plasma envelope narrows from a wide bell into a constricted column, the white core brightens, and the right-hand gauge stack tracks arc voltage, heat input H = (eta * V * I) / v, plasma core temperature, and weld-pool penetration in real time. A faint bead trail visualizes the solidified bead behind the moving torch. ```js // ===================================================================== // Gas_tungsten_arc_welding.js -- Wikitube microsim // Article: Gas tungsten arc welding en.wikitube.io/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding // Room: Helium Pattern: C (arc profile + gas-mix dynamics) // --------------------------------------------------------------------- // Idea: an interactive cross-section of a GTAW arc burning between a // pointed tungsten electrode and a flat workpiece. The reader drives // three controls -- shielding-gas helium fraction (0-100 %), welding // current I (50-300 A), and travel speed v (1-10 mm/s) -- and watches // // * the plasma column reshape: argon-rich shielding gives a wide, // bell-shaped flare (low ionization potential, diffuse arc); // helium-rich shielding gives a narrow, cylindrical column (highest // first ionization potential of any element, 24.587 eV) // * the inner core brighten and the plasma temperature climb from // ~10,000 K (pure Ar) to ~22,000 K (pure He), matching the GTAW // handbook values used in AWS C5.5 // * the arc voltage V rise by ~5 V at fixed current as He fraction // goes 0 -> 1, reproducing the W3 cofounder-file observation // (Helium-shielded welding for aerospace alloys, advmfg Pass 1) // * the heat-input gauge H = (eta * V * I) / v fill up as the // operator either raises current or slows travel // * the weld-pool penetration on the workpiece deepen with H, // visualizing why thick aluminum welds prefer He-rich shielding // // Canonical equation pinned to the bottom HUD: // // H = (eta * V * I) / v [GTAW heat input, J/mm] // // with the AWS Welding Handbook efficiency eta ~ 0.6 for GTAW. // // Physical landmarks reproduced: // * Heliarc (USPTO 2,468,807, Northrop, 1941): pure-He shielding, // first commercialization of GTAW for magnesium and Al airframes. // * AWS C5.5 recommended helium content >= 75 % for one-pass GTAW // welds of aluminum > 19 mm. // * Plasma temperature window 10-22 kK between pure Ar and pure He, // from ASM Handbook Vol 6A (Welding Fundamentals and Processes). // * Voltage rise of 2-6 V switching Ar -> Ar+He at constant current // (W3 cofounder file). // // Visual layout (720 x 520 canvas): // * top-left: HUD title + Wikitube subtitle // * top-right: reader hints + pattern tag // * left panel: arc cross-section (tungsten electrode + plasma cone // + workpiece + weld pool + bead trail behind torch) // * right panel: live gauge stack -- He%, I, v, V, H, T_plasma, depth // * bottom: three sliders (left) + canonical equation (right) // // Conventions (Wikitube Betterfire Standard v0): // * single ARTICLE constant at the top, single quotes (validator BF1) // * p5.disableFriendlyErrors = true to keep the editor console clean // * non-ASCII (eta, lambda, dot) lives in COMMENTS only; every // text() string literal is ASCII (editor preview mangles non-ASCII // inside strings) // * Energy-room palette (P5_JS_EDITOR section 4, line 165): dark BG, // HOT/COLD tones, STRUCT grey, TRAJ accent, plus PLASMA_* extras // * sliders carry .position(x, y).size(w) so they never float (FES2) // ===================================================================== const ARTICLE = 'Gas_tungsten_arc_welding'; const TITLE = ARTICLE.replace(/_/g, ' '); p5.disableFriendlyErrors = true; // ----- Energy room palette (P5_JS_EDITOR section 4, line 165) -------- const BG = 18; const FG = 240; const DIM = [240, 240, 240, 140]; const HOT = [220, 110, 60]; // warm: orange envelope, pool const COLD = [60, 130, 220]; // cool: travel speed, depth const STRUCT = [120, 130, 150]; // structural grey: electrode, plate const TRAJ = [240, 220, 80]; // current accent (yellow) const GAUGE = [120, 220, 140]; // heat input, voltage (green) // Plasma-specific extras const PLASMA_CORE = [255, 240, 200]; // white-yellow inner core const PLASMA_MID = [255, 170, 80]; // orange middle envelope const PLASMA_EDGE = [140, 90, 220]; // violet ionized halo // ----- GTAW physical-model constants --------------------------------- const ETA = 0.6; // arc-transfer efficiency (AWS handbook GTAW) const V0_BASE = 8.0; // V, baseline arc voltage at I -> 0, Ar const V_PER_AMP = 0.015; // V/A, slope of V(I) for short Ar arc const V_HE_BONUS = 5.0; // V, full-helium voltage bonus at fixed I const T_AR_K = 10000; // K, plasma core temperature pure argon const T_HE_K = 22000; // K, plasma core temperature pure helium const ARC_LEN_MM = 3.0; // mm, electrode-tip to workpiece gap // Slider value-range constants (kept here so the gauges stay in sync) const I_MIN = 50, I_MAX = 300; const V_MIN = 1, V_MAX = 10; // ----- Slider handles (set in setup) --------------------------------- let mixSlider, currentSlider, speedSlider; // ----- Arc-view geometry (set in setup) ------------------------------ let arcX, arcY, arcW, arcH; let arcCenterX, electrodeTipY, workTopY, pxPerMm; // ----- Gauge-panel geometry (set in setup) --------------------------- let gaugeX, gaugeY, gaugeW, gaugeH; function setup() { createCanvas(720, 520); pixelDensity(2); textFont('system-ui'); // Arc cross-section panel: left half of canvas arcX = 20; arcY = 70; arcW = 420; arcH = 340; arcCenterX = arcX + arcW * 0.5; pxPerMm = 12; // 1 mm = 12 px electrodeTipY = arcY + 70; // tungsten tip pixel-y workTopY = electrodeTipY + ARC_LEN_MM * pxPerMm; // Gauge panel: right column gaugeX = 460; gaugeY = 70; gaugeW = 240; gaugeH = 340; // Three sliders along the bottom-left strip. Values match defaults a // Heliarc operator would dial in for 6 mm aluminum: 75 % He, 180 A, // 3 mm/s travel (AWS C5.5 recommended-practice envelope). mixSlider = createSlider(0, 100, 75, 1 ).position(20, 430).size(220); currentSlider = createSlider(I_MIN, I_MAX, 180, 5).position(20, 460).size(220); speedSlider = createSlider(V_MIN, V_MAX, 3, 0.1).position(20, 490).size(220); } function draw() { background(BG); // ----- Read controls once at the top of draw() --------------------- const fHe = mixSlider.value() / 100; // 0..1, He volume fraction const I = currentSlider.value(); // A const v = speedSlider.value(); // mm/s // ----- Physical model ---------------------------------------------- // Arc voltage from short-arc Ayrton-style fit, with He bonus. // See W3, advmfg_helium_welding_metallurgy_engineer_100_PAIRS.md. const V = V0_BASE + V_PER_AMP * I + V_HE_BONUS * fHe; // GTAW heat input per unit length, J/mm. const H = (ETA * V * I) / v; // Plasma core temperature: linear blend Ar <-> He. const T_plasma = lerp(T_AR_K, T_HE_K, fHe); // Penetration depth, mm: a square-root law in heat input, clamped to // a physically sensible range for 6-12 mm-thick plate. The Cofounder // file W22 (Ti-6Al-4V AMS 4928) and W41 (Al 7050) target HAZ widths // of 5-8 mm for 200-300 A GTAW; the depth gauge tracks that envelope. const p_mm = constrain(0.55 * Math.sqrt(H / 50), 0.5, 6.0); // ----- Render: layered, back-to-front ------------------------------ drawArcPanel(fHe, I, V, T_plasma, p_mm); drawGaugePanel(fHe, I, V, v, H, T_plasma, p_mm); drawSliderLegend(fHe, I, v); drawHUD(); } // ===================================================================== // Arc cross-section panel // ===================================================================== function drawArcPanel(fHe, I, V, T_plasma, p_mm) { push(); // Frame noFill(); stroke(...STRUCT, 90); strokeWeight(1); rect(arcX, arcY, arcW, arcH); // Background gradient -- darker at top to imply the gas shroud noStroke(); for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) { const t = i / 19; fill(28 + t * 6, 30 + t * 4, 36 + t * 4, 200); rect(arcX + 1, arcY + 1 + (arcH - 2) * t * 0.05, arcW - 2, (arcH - 2) * 0.05); } // Workpiece slab (under the arc, fills the lower part of the panel) noStroke(); fill(...STRUCT); rect(arcX + 10, workTopY, arcW - 20, arcY + arcH - workTopY - 10); // Bead trail behind the torch (to the LEFT of the arc, since the // torch moves rightward over time). Color brightens with H. drawBeadTrail(fHe, V * (currentSlider.value()), p_mm); // Plasma envelopes, back-to-front. Order matters: violet halo first, // then orange mid, then bright core, so the white core sits on top. drawArcEnvelope(fHe, I, 90, 0.95, 0.55, PLASMA_EDGE, 55); drawArcEnvelope(fHe, I, 48, 0.85, 0.60, PLASMA_MID, 120); drawArcEnvelope(fHe, I, 20, 0.70, 0.85, PLASMA_CORE, 220); // Tungsten electrode on top of the plasma at the tip end. drawElectrode(); // Weld pool at the arc-impingement point. drawWeldPool(fHe, p_mm); // Side legend: small ASCII labels naming the parts of the cross-section. noStroke(); fill(...DIM); textSize(10); textAlign(LEFT, BASELINE); text('tungsten electrode', arcX + 12, arcY + 18); text('shielding gas: ' + (fHe >= 0.5 ? 'He-rich' : 'Ar-rich'), arcX + 12, arcY + 32); text('plasma arc column', arcCenterX + 70, electrodeTipY + 10); text('weld pool', arcCenterX + 70, workTopY + 18); text('workpiece (plate)', arcCenterX + 70, workTopY + 60); textAlign(RIGHT, BASELINE); text('travel ->', arcX + arcW - 12, workTopY - 6); pop(); } function drawArcEnvelope(fHe, I, maxRpx, narrowFactor, bellFactor, col, alpha) { // Build the plasma envelope as a closed polygon between the electrode // tip and the workpiece. The tip-end radius is small in both regimes; // the work-end radius is large in Ar (bell) and small in He (column). // // r_tip_px = narrowFactor * 0.30 * maxRpx (constant) // r_work_Ar = bellFactor * maxRpx + I_boost (wide flare) // r_work_He = narrowFactor * maxRpx + I_boost (constricted) // // Current bumps both radii a little so the arc visibly thickens as // the operator turns the knob. const I_boost = ((I - I_MIN) / (I_MAX - I_MIN)) * maxRpx * 0.18; const r_tip_px = narrowFactor * 0.30 * maxRpx + I_boost * 0.6; const r_work_Ar = bellFactor * maxRpx + I_boost; const r_work_He = narrowFactor * maxRpx + I_boost; const r_work_px = lerp(r_work_Ar, r_work_He, fHe); // Subtle current-driven flicker so the arc looks alive without // overwhelming the steady-state physics signal. const flicker = (sin(frameCount * 0.20) * 0.5 + 0.5) * 0.07 * maxRpx; noStroke(); fill(...col, alpha); beginShape(); const N = 24; // Left edge (electrode -> workpiece), then right edge back up. for (let i = 0; i <= N; i++) { const t = i / N; const r = lerp(r_tip_px, r_work_px, t * t) + flicker * t; const y = lerp(electrodeTipY, workTopY, t); vertex(arcCenterX - r, y); } for (let i = N; i >= 0; i--) { const t = i / N; const r = lerp(r_tip_px, r_work_px, t * t) + flicker * t; const y = lerp(electrodeTipY, workTopY, t); vertex(arcCenterX + r, y); } endShape(CLOSE); } function drawElectrode() { // Tungsten electrode: a 2 mm rod (cylindrical body) tapered to a // sharp tip. AWS A5.12 EWTh-2 / EWLa-1.5 geometry, ~30 degree included // angle for DCEN GTAW. const cx = arcCenterX; const tipY = electrodeTipY; const bodyTopY = arcY + 4; const bodyHalfW = 14; const taperStartY = tipY - 22; noStroke(); // Body (cool grey) fill(...STRUCT); rect(cx - bodyHalfW, bodyTopY, bodyHalfW * 2, taperStartY - bodyTopY); // Taper (lighter where it heats up) fill(180, 180, 195); beginShape(); vertex(cx - bodyHalfW, taperStartY); vertex(cx + bodyHalfW, taperStartY); vertex(cx + 3, tipY); vertex(cx - 3, tipY); endShape(CLOSE); // Glow at the tip (electron-emission spot, ~3000 K W surface) fill(255, 220, 130, 200); ellipse(cx, tipY - 2, 10, 5); fill(255, 250, 220, 220); ellipse(cx, tipY - 2, 4, 2); } function drawWeldPool(fHe, p_mm) { // Bright weld pool right under the arc impingement. Width tracks the // arc-foot radius; depth tracks penetration. const poolW_px = lerp(80, 38, fHe) + 0.4 * p_mm * pxPerMm; const poolD_px = p_mm * pxPerMm; noStroke(); // Outer halo fill(255, 130, 40, 130); ellipse(arcCenterX, workTopY + poolD_px * 0.40, poolW_px * 1.3, poolD_px * 1.4); // Bright molten core fill(255, 200, 90, 220); ellipse(arcCenterX, workTopY + poolD_px * 0.40, poolW_px, poolD_px); // Bottom of fusion zone (darker rim) noFill(); stroke(180, 90, 30, 200); strokeWeight(1.5); ellipse(arcCenterX, workTopY + poolD_px * 0.40, poolW_px, poolD_px); } function drawBeadTrail(fHe, VI_product, p_mm) { // Solidified bead behind the torch (left side of pool). Bead width is // a fraction of pool width; brightness fades with distance. const beadW = lerp(50, 26, fHe) + 0.3 * p_mm * pxPerMm; const x0 = arcX + 12; const x1 = arcCenterX - 20; const N = 14; noStroke(); for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) { const t = i / (N - 1); const cx = lerp(x0, x1, t); const fade = 80 + 100 * t; // dim far behind, bright near pool fill(190, 100, 50, fade); ellipse(cx, workTopY + 4, beadW * (0.6 + 0.4 * t), 8); } } // ===================================================================== // Gauge panel (right column) // ===================================================================== function drawGaugePanel(fHe, I, V, v, H, T_plasma, p_mm) { push(); // Frame noFill(); stroke(...STRUCT, 90); strokeWeight(1); rect(gaugeX, gaugeY, gaugeW, gaugeH); noStroke(); fill(...DIM); textSize(11); textAlign(LEFT, BASELINE); text('Live readouts (arc cross-section)', gaugeX + 10, gaugeY + 16); // Voltage scale bookends: V_min ~= V0_BASE + V_PER_AMP * I_MIN // V_max ~= V0_BASE + V_PER_AMP * I_MAX + V_HE_BONUS const V_BAR_MIN = V0_BASE + V_PER_AMP * I_MIN; const V_BAR_MAX = V0_BASE + V_PER_AMP * I_MAX + V_HE_BONUS; const V_frac = (V - V_BAR_MIN) / (V_BAR_MAX - V_BAR_MIN); // Heat-input full-scale: rough 800 J/mm (covers 1-pass thick Al GTAW). const H_frac = H / 800; const T_frac = (T_plasma - T_AR_K) / (T_HE_K - T_AR_K); const I_frac = (I - I_MIN) / (I_MAX - I_MIN); const v_frac = (v - V_MIN) / (V_MAX - V_MIN); const p_frac = p_mm / 6; let yCursor = gaugeY + 36; const rowH = 38; drawGaugeRow(yCursor, 'shielding He fraction', nf(fHe * 100, 0, 0) + ' %', fHe, HOT); yCursor += rowH; drawGaugeRow(yCursor, 'current I', nf(I, 0, 0) + ' A', I_frac, TRAJ); yCursor += rowH; drawGaugeRow(yCursor, 'travel speed v', nf(v, 0, 1) + ' mm/s', v_frac, COLD); yCursor += rowH; drawGaugeRow(yCursor, 'arc voltage V', nf(V, 0, 1) + ' V', V_frac, GAUGE); yCursor += rowH; drawGaugeRow(yCursor, 'heat input H', nf(H, 0, 0) + ' J/mm', H_frac, GAUGE); yCursor += rowH; drawGaugeRow(yCursor, 'plasma core T', nf(T_plasma / 1000, 0, 1) + ' kK', T_frac, HOT); yCursor += rowH; drawGaugeRow(yCursor, 'penetration depth', nf(p_mm, 0, 2) + ' mm', p_frac, COLD); pop(); } function drawGaugeRow(y, label, valueText, frac, col) { const x0 = gaugeX + 10; const w = gaugeW - 20; // Row label noStroke(); fill(...DIM); textSize(10); textAlign(LEFT, BASELINE); text(label, x0, y); // Row value fill(FG); textAlign(RIGHT, BASELINE); text(valueText, x0 + w, y); textAlign(LEFT, BASELINE); // Bar fill(...col, 60); rect(x0, y + 4, w, 8); fill(...col); rect(x0, y + 4, w * constrain(frac, 0, 1), 8); } // ===================================================================== // Slider legend (below the arc panel, beside the sliders) // ===================================================================== function drawSliderLegend(fHe, I, v) { noStroke(); fill(...DIM); textSize(11); textAlign(LEFT, BASELINE); // Slider labels next to each control. The sliders live at x = 20, // width 220 -> right edge at x = 240. We place values at x = 250. text('He% (' + nf(fHe * 100, 0, 0) + ' %)', 250, 442); text('I [A] (' + nf(I, 0, 0) + ' A)', 250, 472); text('v [mm/s] (' + nf(v, 0, 1) + ')', 250, 502); // Brief explainer in the strip to the right of the slider legend fill(...DIM); textSize(10); textAlign(LEFT, BASELINE); text('high He% = hotter, narrower arc, deeper pool, higher V', 370, 442); text('I sets the arc-foot intensity and the heat-input H', 370, 472); text('v dilutes H per unit length: slow travel = deeper weld', 370, 502); } // ===================================================================== // HUD // ===================================================================== function drawHUD() { // Top-left: title + Wikitube subtitle (Betterfire Standard BF2/BF3) noStroke(); fill(FG); textAlign(LEFT, TOP); textSize(20); text(TITLE, 14, 12); fill(...DIM); textSize(12); text('Wikitube microsim . en.wikitube.io/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding', 14, 36); // Top-right: reader hints + pattern tag textAlign(RIGHT, TOP); textSize(10); text('drag sliders to change He%, current I, and travel v', width - 14, 12); text('arc narrows and brightens as He% rises', width - 14, 24); text('Pattern C: arc + shielding-gas dynamics', width - 14, 36); // Bottom-right: canonical equation (Betterfire Standard BF4). // Literal '=' inside the string satisfies the validator regex. textAlign(RIGHT, BOTTOM); fill(FG); textSize(13); text('H = (eta * V * I) / v [GTAW heat input, J/mm]', width - 14, height - 6); } // ===================================================================== // End of Gas_tungsten_arc_welding.js -- Wikitube microsim, // Helium room, Pattern C. // ===================================================================== ``` ## Links (Wikipedia order) <!-- injected from _registry/childlinks/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding.json (2026-07-30T02:09:12Z) --> [[Alternating_current]] · [[Aluminium]] · `American_Welding_Society` · `Ampere` · `Anode` · `Arc_welding` · [[Argon]] · `Atomic_hydrogen_welding` · `Austenite` · `Brass` · `California` · `Carbon_dioxide` · `Cast_iron` · `Casting` · `Cathode` · [[Cerium]] · `Cleveland` · [[Copper]] · [[Corrosion]] · `Current_source` · `Direct_current` · `Dross` · `Electric_arc` · `Electric_resistance_welding` · `Electric_spark` · `Electrode` · `Electrogas_welding` · `Electron-beam_welding` · `Electroslag_welding` · `Embrittlement` · `Exothermic_welding` · `Filler_metal` · `Flash_welding` · `Florida` · `Flux-cored_arc_welding` · `Forge_welding` · `Forming_processes` · `Friction_stir_welding` · `Friction_stud_welding` · `Friction_welding` · `Fused_quartz` · `Gas_metal_arc_welding` · `Glove` · `Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia` · `Heat-affected_zone` · `Heat_flux` · [[Helium]] · `Humphry_Davy` · [[Hydrogen]] · `Illinois` · [[Inert_gas]] · `International_Organization_for_Standardization` · `Jewellery` · [[Lanthanum]] · `Laser-hybrid_welding` · `Laser_beam_welding` · `Leather` · `Liquid_crystal` · `List_of_welding_processes` · `Machining` · [[Magnesium]] · `Magnetic_pulse_welding` · `Martensite` · `Melting_point` · `Metal_fabrication` · [[Metallurgy]] · `Metalsmith` · `Metalworking` · `Milling_cutter` · `New_Jersey` · [[Nickel]] · [[Nitrogen]] · `Outline_of_metalworking` · [[Oxygen]] · `Ozone` · `Photokeratitis` · [[Plasma_(physics)]] · `Plasma_arc_welding` · `Polyvinyl_chloride` · `Radioactive_contamination` · `Radiography` · `Residual_stress` · `Robot_welding` · `Shielded_metal_arc_welding` · [[Shielding_gas]] · `Spent_nuclear_fuel` · `Spot_welding` · `Square_wave_(waveform)` · `Stainless_steel` · [[Steel]] · `Submerged_arc_welding` · `Sunburn` · `Tesla_coil` · [[Thorium]] · `Thorium_dioxide` · [[Titanium]] · `Tool_steel` · [[Tungsten]] · `Ultrasonic_welding` · `Upset_welding` · `Weldability` · `Welder` · `Welding` · `Welding_helmet` · `Welding_power_supply` · `Wisconsin` · `Yttrium(III)_oxide` · [[Zinc]] · [[Zirconium]] ## From the vault media library !Gas tungsten arc welding thumb.png *Gas Tungsten Arc Welding — from the vault's own media holdings, placed 2026-07-09. MTN / Wikitube.io original · CC BY-SA 4.0.* <!-- LOCAL-MEDIA-PASS:END --> > **Room:** [[Helium]] · **Status:** ✅ shipped ## Overview Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), commonly called tungsten [[Inert_gas|inert gas]] (TIG) welding, is a fusion-welding process in which a non-consumable tungsten electrode produces a stable arc inside a stream of inert [[Shielding_gas|shielding gas]]. The work was patented in 1941 by Russell Meredith at Northrop Aircraft as "Heliarc" — a helium-shielded variant developed to weld magnesium and aluminum airframes — and standardized through AWS A5 and ISO 14175 over the postwar decades. The electrode (typically thoriated or lanthanated tungsten per AWS A5.12) sustains an arc whose plasma temperature ranges from roughly 10,000 K in argon to over 20,000 K in helium, because helium's first ionization potential (24.587 eV) is the highest of any element. Filler metal, when used, is added separately, leaving the operator independent control of heat input, arc length, and deposition. Heat input per unit length is governed by H = (η · V · I) / v, where η ≈ 0.6 is the arc-transfer efficiency, V and I are arc [[Voltage|voltage]] and current, and v is travel speed; helium-rich blends raise V by 2–6 V at fixed I, expanding the usable heat-input window for thick aluminum, [[Titanium|titanium]], and [[Copper|copper]] sections. Standards including AWS D17.1 (aerospace), ASME Section IX (pressure vessels), AWS C5.5, and AMS 4911 (titanium plate) codify GTAW procedure qualification across aerospace airframes, nuclear piping, semiconductor vacuum chambers, and orbital pipe welding. ## See also - Room hub: [[Helium]] - p5.js Editor conventions: P5 JS EDITOR - Wiki root: MAIN --- *Scaffolded by `generative-microsim` from row 35 of the Helium sheet on 2026-05-11T22:49:14Z.* <!-- LOCAL-MEDIA-PASS:START --> <!-- CRAFT-LINK:START g12 --> *Built to the [[WT!P5_js_Microsim_Master_Class|p5.js Master Class]].* <!-- CRAFT-LINK:END --> <!-- SPINEPATH:BEGIN g20 — shortest chain of Wikipedia links between local articles to a Compendium Main article; do not hand-edit inside --> *Connected to the Apex Spine:* Gas tungsten arc welding → [[Alternating_current|Alternating current]] → [[Fuel_cell|Fuel cell]] — [[WT!Thury_Hydrodynamics_Compendium|Compendium]] section 11, *Fuel cells: the same reaction without a flame*. <!-- SPINEPATH:END --> ## Wikipedia : Wikitube **Strict pair:** [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding) : [Wikitube](https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding) ## Previous hub tags Tree parent: [[Helium]]. Legacy hubs: none. --- *Sources: 1 legacy note. Minted wave 1, 2026-07-30 (v1.6 order).*