Jupiter - Wikiparency

# Jupiter  **Microsim — three.js (Wikitube framework):** *Jupiter in the Solar System explorer* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?obj=Jupiter&embed=1" data-title="Jupiter in the Solar System explorer"></div> *The Solar System explorer locked on this article's state (`?obj=Jupiter`); every object and population of the [[PORTAL_Solar_System|Solar System portal]] has its own state in the same scene.*   *Try: set the speed to 1 year/s and watch Jupiter take about twelve seconds to go once around the Sun while Earth circles once every second; switch the scale to true to open Jupiter's own frame with Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto at true scale; then set the speed to 1 day/s and count four laps of Io for every two of Europa and one of Ganymede.* **Jupiter** is the fifth planet from the [[Sun]] and the largest in the [[PORTAL_Solar_System|Solar System]], a [[Gas_giant|gas giant]] of 1.898 × 10²⁷ kg, 318 times the mass of [[Earth]] and about two and a half times the mass of all the other planets together.[^nasa-fs] Its equatorial radius of 71,492 km is eleven times Earth's and about a tenth of the Sun's. It orbits at a mean distance of 778.5 million km, 5.20 [[Astronomical_unit|AU]], once every 11.86 years, and after the Sun, the [[Moon]] and [[Venus]] it is usually the brightest object in the night sky.[^nasa-fs][^mallama2018] Jupiter was probably the first planet to form, and its growth and migration shaped the rest of the planetary system.[^kruijer2017][^walsh2011] It is made mostly of [[Hydrogen|hydrogen]] and [[Helium|helium]], turns once in under ten hours, and is flattened by that spin; beneath its banded clouds and long-lived storms such as the Great Red Spot lie a deep layer of metallic hydrogen and a diffuse core.[^nasa-fs][^wahl2017] It has the strongest magnetic field of any planet, a faint dusty ring system and, in JPL's current list, 115 known moons, of which the four Galilean moons are large enough to be seen with binoculars.[^connerney2018][^burns1999][^jpl-sats] The explorer at the top of this page is locked on Jupiter. In the log view it shows the planet on its orbit from JPL elements; in true scale it opens the planet's own frame, where [[Io_(moon)|Io]], [[Europa_(moon)|Europa]] and [[Ganymede_(moon)|Ganymede]] circle in 1.77, 3.55 and 7.15 days, the 1:2:4 chain described under Moons.[^jpl-t1][^jpl-satphys] ## Name and symbol The planet carries the name of the chief god of the Roman pantheon, the counterpart of the Greek Zeus; the Greeks named it after Zeus.[^alexander2015] The International Astronomical Union confirmed the name in 1976 and names Jupiter's newly found moons after the god's lovers, favourites and descendants.[^iau-naming] The astronomical symbol ♃ is thought to derive from a Greek zeta with a horizontal stroke, an abbreviation of Zeus found in ancient astronomical papyri.[^jones1999][^maunder1934] The Latin genitive Iovis gives the English poetic name Jove, used for the planet since about the 14th century, and the adjective Jovian.[^etym-jove] An older adjective, jovial, came from astrology, where the planet's influence was thought to make people cheerful, and survives in its everyday meaning.[^dict-jovial] The Greek name supplies the prefix zeno-, as in zenography, the description of Jupiter's surface features. ## Formation and migration Isotopic dating of meteorites suggests Jupiter's core grew to about 20 Earth masses within about a million years of the Sun's formation, earlier than any other planet and some 50 million years before Earth.[^kruijer2017] The standard account places that growth at or beyond the [[Frost_line_(astrophysics)|frost line]], where water ice added to the supply of solid material: a solid core formed first and then drew in gas from the [[Protoplanetary_disk|protoplanetary disk]], so the planet must have finished growing before the disk dispersed.[^dangelo2021] Once the protoplanet passed about 50 Earth masses it opened a gap in the disk, and it reached its final mass within 3–4 million years.[^kruijer2017][^dangelo2021] Jupiter probably did not stay where it formed. In the [[Grand_tack_hypothesis|grand tack hypothesis]], it formed near 3.5 AU, migrated inward through the gas, and reversed course when [[Saturn]] caught up and the two locked into a 3:2 resonance near 1.5 AU; both then moved outward to their present orbits.[^walsh2011][^chametla2020] The inward leg would have scattered material from the inner disk, which could explain the small mass of [[Mars]] and the absence of close-in super-Earths.[^walsh2011][^batygin2015] The hypothesis has difficulties: the terrestrial formation times it implies conflict with isotopic evidence, and migration through the nebula would tend to leave Jupiter much closer to the Sun than it is.[^zube2019][^dangelo2012] Other models form Jupiter near its present orbit or much farther out; its nitrogen and noble-gas content led Öberg and Wordsworth to argue that the core assembled beyond the molecular-nitrogen snow line, 20–30 AU from the Sun, followed by inward migration.[^dangelo2021][^oberg2019][^pirani2019] Later rearrangements are described by the [[Nice_model|Nice model]], in which Jupiter and Saturn crossed a 1:2 resonance within the first several hundred million years, scattering [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]] outward, depleting the [[Kuiper_belt|Kuiper belt]] and possibly triggering the [[Late_Heavy_Bombardment|Late Heavy Bombardment]].[^levison2008] ## Physical characteristics Jupiter is a gas giant: its bulk is hydrogen and helium, which planetary scientists class as gases whatever their physical state deep inside. Its volume is 1,321 times Earth's, but its mean density of 1,326 kg/m³ is lower than that of any [[Terrestrial_planet|terrestrial planet]].[^nasa-fs] ### Composition By mass, the upper atmosphere is about 76% hydrogen and 24% helium; by number of molecules it is about 90% and 10%, because a helium atom outweighs a hydrogen molecule.[^guillot1997][^nasa-fs] Methane, ammonia, water, hydrogen sulfide, phosphine and hydrocarbons such as ethane occur in traces.[^kim1985] The helium abundance is about 80% of the Sun's, and neon is only about a tenth as abundant: both are thought to have rained out as droplets deep in the interior.[^niemann1996][^vonzahn1998][^stevenson2020] Saturn has a similar make-up, whereas the [[Ice_giant|ice giants]] Uranus and Neptune contain proportionally more oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur.[^ingersoll2005] ### Size and mass Jupiter's mass is about one-thousandth of the Sun's. That is enough for the Sun–Jupiter barycentre to lie about 742,000 km from the Sun's centre, 1.07 solar radii, just outside the Sun's surface (derived).[^nasa-fs][^macdougal2012] The "Jupiter mass" and "Jupiter radius" are standard units for exoplanets and brown dwarfs. Jupiter radiates more heat than it absorbs from sunlight, energy released as the interior slowly contracts by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism.[^irwin2009][^li2018] Models suggest that adding mass would compress Jupiter rather than enlarge it, so it is near the largest size a cold hydrogen body can reach; to ignite hydrogen fusion it would need about 75 times its present mass.[^burrows2001] ### Rotation Jupiter's axis is tilted only 3.13°, so its seasons are weak.[^nasa-fs] It spins faster than any other planet, once in 9.925 hours, and the resulting centrifugal flattening makes its equatorial radius about 7% larger than its polar radius, 71,492 against 66,854 km.[^nasa-fs][^galanti2026] Because the planet is fluid, different latitudes rotate at different rates: System I, covering latitudes within 7° of the equator, turns in 9 h 50 min 30.0 s, and System II, elsewhere, in 9 h 55 min 40.6 s.[^hide1981] The official period, System III, follows the rotation of the magnetic field, measured from radio emission.[^russell2001] ### Internal structure The Juno spacecraft's gravity measurements showed that Jupiter's core is not a compact ball but a diffuse region of heavy elements blending into the hydrogen envelope, extending over 30–50% of the planet's radius and holding perhaps 7–25 Earth masses of heavy material.[^wahl2017][^liu2019] That structure may date from formation, or from a giant impact by a body of about ten Earth masses that stirred an originally compact core.[^liu2019][^guillot2019] Above it, hydrogen changes gradually, with no sharp boundary, from a molecular fluid to an electrically conducting metallic fluid at pressures of millions of bars.[^guillot2004] Laboratory experiments indicate that hydrogen and helium separate at Jupiter-interior conditions, supporting the helium rain inferred from the depleted atmosphere.[^brygoo2021] At the 1-bar level the temperature is 165 K; at the diffuse core it may reach about 20,000 K.[^nasa-fs][^guillot2004] ### Atmosphere Clouds of ammonia ice, probably mixed with ammonium hydrosulfide, cover the planet in alternating light zones and dark belts, driven by jet streams with speeds commonly reaching 100 m/s.[^loeffler2018][^ingersoll2004] Lightning, detected by several spacecraft, points to water clouds lower down; Juno also found shallow lightning in ammonia–water clouds high in the atmosphere, linked to falling "mushballs" of ammonia-water slush.[^aglyamov2021][^becker2020][^guillot2020] The orange and brown colours come from compounds changed by solar ultraviolet light, possibly containing phosphorus, sulfur or hydrocarbons.[^strycker2006] The Great Red Spot, a southern-hemisphere anticyclone wider than Earth, has been recorded since at least 1831 and may have been seen in 1665.[^denning1899][^kyrala1982] It has been shrinking: in 2015 it measured about 16,500 by 10,900 km.[^simon2015] Juno measured its depth at roughly 300–500 km.[^grush2021] The spacecraft also found clusters of cyclones around both poles, eight around a central storm in the north and five around a central storm in the south.[^adriani2018] Smaller storms can merge; three white ovals that formed around 1939–1940 merged by 2000 into Oval BA, which later turned red.[^steigerwald2006] ### Magnetosphere Jupiter's magnetic field, generated by [[Magnetohydrodynamics|dynamo]] motions in the metallic hydrogen, is the strongest of any planet, with surface strengths of about 2 to 20 gauss.[^connerney2018] The [[Solar_wind|solar wind]] meets it in a bow shock about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, and the magnetosphere's tail stretches almost to Saturn's orbit.[^elkins2011] Volcanic gases from Io feed a torus of sulfur and oxygen ions along Io's orbit and a sheet of [[Plasma_(physics)|plasma]] that corotates with the planet. Io's motion through the field also drives intense decametric radio bursts, which at times outshine the Sun at those wavelengths as seen from Earth.[^brainerd2004][^phillips2004] ## Orbital motion and observation Jupiter's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0487, so it ranges from 740.6 to 816.4 million km from the Sun, and is inclined 1.30° to Earth's.[^nasa-fs] Its period of 11.86 years is close to two-fifths of Saturn's, a near 5:2 resonance that perturbs both planets measurably.[^michtchenko2001] The low eccentricity contrasts with many giant exoplanets on elongated orbits. From Earth, Jupiter comes to opposition every 398.9 days; its apparent magnitude ranges from −2.94 at a favourable opposition to −1.66 near conjunction, and its disc from 50.1 to 30.5 arcseconds across.[^nasa-fs][^mallama2018] Around opposition it performs its [[Apparent_retrograde_motion|retrograde loop]], moving backward for about 121 days.[^price2000] Because it orbits outside Earth's orbit, its phase angle never exceeds about 11.5°, so it always appears nearly full; the first crescent views came from spacecraft.[^fimmel1974] Binoculars show the Galilean moons; a small telescope shows the cloud belts. ## Planetary rings Jupiter's rings are faint and dusty, unlike the icy [[Rings_of_Saturn|rings of Saturn]]. There are three main parts: an inner torus of particles called the halo, a narrow and relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring.[^showalter1987] The main ring is thought to consist of dust knocked off the small inner moons Metis and Adrastea by meteoroid impacts, and the two components of the gossamer ring are fed in the same way by Amalthea and Thebe, whose orbits bound them.[^burns1999] Because this dust is steadily removed, the rings are continuously resupplied rather than primordial. Voyager discovered them in 1979.[^voyager-jpl] ## Moons JPL's catalogue lists 115 moons of Jupiter, and more are likely to be found; only 16 are wider than 10 km.[^jpl-sats][^sheppard-moons] The four [[Galilean_moons|Galilean moons]], in order from the planet [[Io_(moon)|Io]], [[Europa_(moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede_(moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Callisto_(moon)|Callisto]], are among the largest in the Solar System. ### Galilean moons Io, Europa and Ganymede are locked in a Laplace resonance: Io orbits four times for each two orbits of Europa and each single orbit of Ganymede.[^musotto2002] The repeated tugs at the same points keep their orbits slightly eccentric, while Jupiter's [[Tide|tides]] work to circularise them. The eccentricity makes each moon flex as its distance from the planet changes, and the friction heats the interior, driving Io's volcanism and keeping Europa's surface young.[^lang2011] | Moon | Diameter (km) | Orbital radius (km) | Period (days) | |---|---|---|---| | Io | 3,643 | 421,700 | 1.77 | | Europa | 3,122 | 671,034 | 3.55 | | Ganymede | 5,268 | 1,070,412 | 7.15 | | Callisto | 4,821 | 1,882,709 | 16.69 | Values from JPL satellite parameters and the papers cited.[^jpl-satphys][^showman1999][^anderson2001] The explorer's local frame places the moons at these true distances and periods, though their starting phases are ILLUSTRATIVE. ### Classification The eight inner regular moons, on near-circular orbits close to Jupiter's equatorial plane, probably formed with the planet: the four small inner moons within 200,000 km, and the Galilean moons[^jpl-satphys][^showman1999] between about 400,000 km and 2 million km. The rest are irregular moons, probably captured asteroids or their fragments, on distant, inclined and often retrograde orbits, grouped into families such as the prograde Himalia group and the retrograde Ananke, Carme and Pasiphae groups.[^jewitt2004][^nesvorny2003][^sheppard-moons] ## Interaction with the Solar System Jupiter's gravity organises much of the small-body population. It clears the [[Kirkwood_gap|Kirkwood gaps]] in the [[Asteroid_belt|asteroid belt]] through orbital resonances, and may have helped trigger the Late Heavy Bombardment.[^ferrazmello1994][^kerr2004] It holds the [[Jupiter_trojan|Jupiter trojans]] at its L4 and L5 points, the first of which, 588 Achilles, was found in 1906, and the [[Hilda_asteroid|Hilda asteroids]] in a 3:2 resonance inside its orbit.[^mpc-jt] Jupiter-family [[Comet|comets]], with semi-major axes smaller than Jupiter's, are thought to arrive from the [[Kuiper_belt|Kuiper belt]] and be pulled into short-period orbits by close encounters with the planet.[^quinn1990] ### Impacts Jupiter's deep gravity well makes it the most frequently struck planet, hit by more comets than any other.[^nakamura1998] Whether it shields Earth is disputed: simulations by Horner and Jones found that it sends comets and asteroids inward about as often as it removes them.[^horner2008] In July 1994 fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9, torn apart on an earlier close pass, struck the planet in the first collision between Solar System bodies observed as it happened.[^nasa-sl9] A dark spot drawn by Giovanni Cassini in 1690 may record an older impact.[^tabe1997] ## Observation and exploration history ### Pre-telescopic research Babylonian astronomers recorded Jupiter by the 7th or 8th century BC, and by before 50 BC they computed its motion along the [[Ecliptic|ecliptic]] with a method equivalent to the trapezoidal rule.[^sachs1974][^ossendrijver2016] Chinese astronomers tied their twelve-year cycle of earthly branches to Jupiter's period, and the historian Xi Zezong has argued that Gan De saw one of its moons with the unaided eye in the 4th century BC.[^dubs1958][^xi1981] Ptolemy's *Almagest* gave its period as 4,332.38 days.[^pedersen1974] ### Ground-based telescope research Galileo Galilei discovered the four large moons in January 1610; Simon Marius found them independently, and his names for them are the ones in use.[^pasachoff2015] Moons circling another planet were strong evidence against the idea that everything orbits Earth.[^westfall] Francesco Fontana saw the cloud bands in 1639, and in the 1660s Giovanni Cassini recorded spots, the flattening and the rotation period.[^delsanto2009][^oconnor2003] Timings of the moons' eclipses ran about 17 minutes late when Jupiter was on the far side of the Sun, the delay Ole Rømer attributed to the finite speed of light; with the modern width of Earth's orbit, 2 × 149.6 million km, that gives about 290,000 km/s (derived).[^brown2004][^nasa-fs] In 1892 E. E. Barnard found Amalthea, the last planetary moon discovered by eye at a telescope, and in 1932 Rupert Wildt identified ammonia and methane in the spectrum.[^tenn2006][^dunham1933] ### Radiotelescope research In 1955 Bernard Burke and Kenneth Franklin detected radio bursts from Jupiter at 22.2 MHz whose timing tracked the planet's rotation.[^weintraub2005] Three kinds of radio emission are now known: decametric bursts, modulated by Io; decimetric synchrotron radiation from electrons trapped in the radiation belts; and [[Thermal_radiation|thermal emission]] from the atmosphere.[^klein1996][^elkins2011] ### Exploration Pioneer 10 made the first flyby in December 1973, followed by Pioneer 11, [[Voyager_1|Voyager 1]] and Voyager 2 in 1979, Ulysses, Cassini and New Horizons; the Voyagers found the rings and Io's volcanoes.[^nasa-pioneer][^voyager-jpl][^hansen2004][^nasa-nh2007] Galileo became the first orbiter on 7 December 1995 and released a probe that returned data for 57.6 minutes as it descended through the atmosphere; the orbiter was steered into Jupiter in 2003 to keep it from contaminating Europa.[^nasa-galileo][^magalhaes1996] Juno entered polar orbit on 4 July 2016; its mission was extended to September 2025 with flybys of Ganymede, Europa and Io.[^chang2016][^talbert2021] ESA's JUICE launched in April 2023 and NASA's Europa Clipper in October 2024, due at Jupiter in 2030.[^bbc-juice][^nasa-clipper] ## In culture To the Babylonians the planet represented Marduk, chief of their gods, and its roughly twelve-year circuit helped define their zodiac.[^rogers1998] Greek writers called it Phaethon, "the shining one", before its association with Zeus was established by the 4th century BC.[^cicero1888] The Latin name comes from the Proto-Indo-European vocative *Dyēu-pəter, "father sky-god".[^etym-jupiter] In Vedic astrology Jupiter is Brihaspati or Guru, the teacher of the gods.[^guru] In China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam it is the "wood star" of the five elements, and in China also the "year star", because it moves about one zodiacal constellation each year.[^degroot1912][^dubs1958] ## See also - [[Gas_giant]] · [[Saturn]] - [[Galilean_moons]] · [[Io_(moon)]] · [[Europa_(moon)]] · [[Ganymede_(moon)]] · [[Callisto_(moon)]] - [[Jupiter_trojan]] · [[Hilda_asteroid]] - [[Grand_tack_hypothesis]] · [[Nice_model]] - [[Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration]] ## Notes Derived values: the barycentre distance is a × m/(M☉ + m) = 778.479 × 10⁶ km × (1.898 × 10²⁷ / 1.991 × 10³⁰) ≈ 742,000 km, which against the Sun's radius of 695,700 km (NASA Sun fact sheet) is 1.07 solar radii; the speed of light from the eclipse delay is 299.2 × 10⁶ km / 1,020 s ≈ 2.9 × 10⁵ km/s. The explorer's planet position uses JPL Table 1 elements; the moons' true distances and periods come from JPL satellite data, with illustrative starting phases. ## References [^nasa-fs]: Williams, D. R. NASA NSSDCA. "Jupiter fact sheet" and "Sun fact sheet". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html (fetched 2026-09-18). [^mallama2018]: Mallama, A.; Hilton, J. L. (2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". *Astronomy and Computing* 25: 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002 [^kruijer2017]: Kruijer, T. S.; Burkhardt, C.; Budde, G.; Kleine, T. (2017). "Age of Jupiter inferred from the distinct genetics and formation times of meteorites". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 114: 6712–6716. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704461114 [^walsh2011]: Walsh, K. J.; Morbidelli, A.; Raymond, S. N.; O'Brien, D. P.; Mandell, A. M. (2011). "A low mass for Mars from Jupiter's early gas-driven migration". *Nature* 475: 206–209. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10201 [^wahl2017]: Wahl, S. M.; Hubbard, W. B.; Militzer, B.; et al. (2017). "Comparing Jupiter interior structure models to Juno gravity measurements and the role of a dilute core". *Geophysical Research Letters* 44: 4649–4659. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073160 [^connerney2018]: Connerney, J. E. P.; Kotsiaros, S.; Oliversen, R. J.; et al. (2018). "A new model of Jupiter's magnetic field from Juno's first nine orbits". *Geophysical Research Letters* 45: 2590–2596. https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077312 [^burns1999]: Burns, J. A.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P.; et al. (1999). "The formation of Jupiter's faint rings". *Science* 284: 1146–1150. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5417.1146 [^jpl-sats]: JPL Solar System Dynamics. "Planetary satellite discovery circumstances". https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/discovery.html (fetched 2026-09-18). 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Odense University Press, pp. 423, 428. ISBN 978-87-7492-087-8. [^pasachoff2015]: Pasachoff, J. M. (2015). "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th anniversary in Galileo's shadow". *Journal for the History of Astronomy* 46: 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021828615585493 [^westfall]: Westfall, R. S. "Galilei, Galileo". *The Galileo Project*, Rice University. http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/galilei_gal.html [^delsanto2009]: Del Santo, P. (2009). "On an unpublished letter of Francesco Fontana to the Grand-Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand II de' Medici". *Galilæana* 6. Leo S. Olschki. https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2242254 [^oconnor2003]: O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2003). "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cassini.html [^brown2004]: Brown, K. (2004). "Roemer's hypothesis". *MathPages*. http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath203/kmath203.htm [^tenn2006]: Tenn, J. (10 March 2006). "Edward Emerson Barnard". Sonoma State University. http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Barnard/ [^dunham1933]: Dunham, T. Jr. (1933). "Note on the spectra of Jupiter and Saturn". *Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific* 45: 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1086/124297 [^weintraub2005]: Weintraub, R. A. (26 September 2005). "How one night in a field changed astronomy". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/radio_jupiter.html [^klein1996]: Klein, M. J.; Gulkis, S.; Bolton, S. J. (1996). "Jupiter's synchrotron radiation: observed variations before, during and after the impacts of Comet SL9". Conference at University of Graz, p. 217. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060036302 [^nasa-pioneer]: NASA (26 March 2007). "The Pioneer missions". https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html [^hansen2004]: Hansen, C. J.; Bolton, S. J.; Matson, D. L.; Spilker, L. J.; Lebreton, J.-P. (2004). 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NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-extends-exploration-for-two-planetary-science-missions [^bbc-juice]: BBC News (14 April 2023). "European Space Agency: blast off for Jupiter icy moons mission". https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65273857 [^nasa-clipper]: NASA Science. "Europa Clipper" (mission page). https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/ [^rogers1998]: Rogers, J. H. (1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions". *Journal of the British Astronomical Association* 108: 9–28. Bibcode 1998JBAA..108....9R. [^cicero1888]: Cicero, M. T. (1888). *Cicero's Tusculan Disputations; also, Treatises on the Nature of the Gods, and on the Commonwealth*. Harper & Brothers, p. 274. https://archive.org/details/cicerostusculand00ciceuoft [^etym-jupiter]: Harper, D. (2001). "Jupiter". *Online Etymology Dictionary*. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter [^guru]: "Guru". *Indian Divinity*. http://www.webonautics.com/mythology/guru_jupiter.html [^degroot1912]: De Groot, J. J. M. (1912). *Religion in China: Universism, a Key to the Study of Taoism and Confucianism*. G. P. Putnam's Sons, p. 300. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&pg=PA300 ## Further reading - Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T. E.; McKinnon, W. B., eds. (2004). *Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81808-7. - Burgess, E. (1982). *By Jupiter: Odysseys to a Giant*. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05176-7. - Elkins-Tanton, L. T. (2011). *Jupiter and Saturn*. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-8160-7698-7. ## External links - NASA Science: Jupiter. https://science.nasa.gov/jupiter/ - NASA NSSDCA Jupiter Fact Sheet. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html - NASA Science: Juno mission. https://science.nasa.gov/mission/juno/ - ESA: JUICE. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice - JPL Solar System Dynamics: planetary satellites. https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/ *Article prose: Solar System portal child articles, wave 1, 2026-09-18 · row SOL-015 · strict pair pinned at revision [1374858772](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374858772). The sections below this block are the page's earlier material, kept in place.*  ## Microsim To Do *Claimable rows, house pattern. All real Wikipedia articles.* - Atmosphere of Jupiter - Europa (moon) - Io (moon) - Callisto (moon) - Magnetosphere of Jupiter  ## Links (Wikipedia order)  `10_Hygiea` · `120347_Salacia` · `174567_Varda` · `2009_Jupiter_impact_event` · `2010_Jupiter_impact_event` · `2013_ND15` · `2019_UO14` · `2060_Chiron` · `208996_Achlys` · `28978_Ixion` · `2_Pallas` · `307261_Máni` · `4_Vesta` · `532037_Chiminigagua` · `55565_Aya` · `588_Achilles` · `624_Hektor` · `ABC_News_(Australia)` · `Absolute_magnitude` · `Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements` · `Accretion_(astrophysics)` · `Accretion_disk` · `Acetylene` · `Active_asteroid` · `Adjective` · `Adrastea_(moon)` · `Aitne_(moon)` · `Albedo` · `Alfvén_wave` · `Almagest` · `Amalthea_(moon)` · `Ammonia` · `Ammonium_hydrosulfide` · `Ananke_(moon)` · `Ananke_group` · `Andrew_Ingersoll` · `Angular_diameter` · `Annie_S._D._Maunder` · `Anticyclonic_storm` · `Aoede_(moon)` · `Aperture` · `Apparent_magnitude` · `Apparent_retrograde_motion` · `Apsis` · 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`Kerberos_(moon)` · `Kilometre` · `Kirkwood_gap` · `Konstantin_Batygin` · `Kore_(moon)` · `Kuiper_belt` · `Lagrange_point` · `Laniakea_Supercluster` · `Laplace-P` · `Late_Heavy_Bombardment` · `Leda_(moon)` · `Lick_Observatory` · `Lightning` · `List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids` · `List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets` · `List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)` · `List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)` · `List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets` · `List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets` · `List_of_Roman_deities` · `List_of_Solar_System_objects` · `List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size` · `List_of_Solar_System_probes` · `List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets` · `List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies` · `List_of_brightest_natural_objects_in_the_sky` · `List_of_crewed_spacecraft` · `List_of_exceptional_asteroids` · `List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System` · `List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects` · `List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules` · `List_of_missions_to_comets` · `List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets` · `List_of_natural_satellites` · `List_of_periodic_comets` · `List_of_possible_dwarf_planets` · `Local_Bubble` · `Local_Group` · `Local_Hole` · `Local_Interstellar_Cloud` · `Local_Sheet` · `Local_Volume` · `Longitude_of_the_ascending_node` · `Low_Earth_orbit` · `Lunar_resources` · `Lysithea_(moon)` · `Magnetic_field` · `Magnetopause` · `Magnetosheath` · `Magnetosphere` · `Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter` · `Makemake` · `Marduk` · [[Mars]] · `Mars_trojan` · `Mass` · [[Mathematical_model]] · `Max_Wolf` · `Mean_anomaly` · `Mean_radius_(astronomy)` · `Meanings_of_minor-planet_names` · `Megaclite` · `Mercury_(planet)` · `Metallic_hydrogen` · `Meteoroid` · `Methane` · `Metis_(moon)` · `Metre_per_second_squared` · `Middle_Ages` · `Mile` · `Milky_Way` · `Mimas` · `Minor-planet_moon` · `Minor_planet` · `Miranda_(moon)` · `Mneme_(moon)` · `Molecular_cloud` · `Moment_of_inertia_factor` · `Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society` · [[Moon]] · `Moonlet` · `Moons_of_Haumea` · `Moons_of_Jupiter` · `Moons_of_Mars` · `Moons_of_Neptune` · `Moons_of_Pluto` · `Moons_of_Saturn` · `Moons_of_Uranus` · `NASA` · `Namaka_(moon)` · `Natural_satellite` · `Nature_(journal)` · `Near-Earth_object` · `Near_East` · `Nebular_hypothesis` · `Neith_(hypothetical_moon)` · `Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)` · [[Neon]] · `Neptune` · `Neptune_trojan` · `Nereid_(moon)` · `New_Horizons` · `New_Horizons_2` · `Nibiru_cataclysm` · `Nice_2_model` · `Nice_model` · `Nicolaus_Copernicus` · `Night_sky` · `Nix_(moon)` · `OKEANOS` · `Oberon_(moon)` · `Observable_universe` · `Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus` · `Ole_Rømer` · `Oort_cloud` · `Oort_limit` · `Opposition_(astronomy)` · `Orbital_eccentricity` · `Orbital_elements` · `Orbital_inclination` · `Orbital_period` · `Orbital_plane` · `Orbital_resonance` · `Orbital_speed` · `Orcus_(dwarf_planet)` · `Orion_Arm` · `Orthosie_(moon)` · `Osculating_orbit` · `Outer_space` · `Outline_of_Jupiter` · `Outline_of_space_exploration` · `Outline_of_the_Solar_System` · `Oxford_English_Dictionary` · [[Oxygen]] · `Oxyrhynchus_Papyri` · `Pandia_(moon)` · `Pantheon_(religion)` · `Pascal_(unit)` · `Pasiphae_(moon)` · `Pasiphae_group` · `Pasithee_(moon)` · `Perturbation_(astronomy)` · `Phaethon` · `Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)` · `Phase_angle_(astronomy)` · `Phil_Nicholson` · `Philophrosyne_(moon)` · `Phobos_(moon)` · `Phoebe_(moon)` · `Phosphine` · `Photosphere` · `Pinyin` · `Pioneer_10` · `Pioneer_11` · `Pioneer_H` · `Pioneer_program` · `Pisces–Cetus_Supercluster_Complex` · `Planet` · `Planet_Nine` · `Planet_V` · `Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey` · `Planetary_core` · `Planetary_migration` · `Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience` · [[Planetary_system]] · `Planetesimal` · `Planets_beyond_Neptune` · `Planets_in_astrology` · `Plasma_sheet` · `Plato` · `Plutino` · `Pluto` · `Polar_orbit` · `Potentially_hazardous_object` · `Praxidike_(moon)` · `Primary_atmosphere` · `Proteus_(moon)` · `Proto-Indo-European_language` · `Protoplanetary_disk` · `Quaoar` · `Radio_wave` · `Radius` · `Red_dwarf` · `Regular_moon` · `Rhea_(moon)` · `Richard_Kerr_(science_journalist)` · `Right_ascension` · `Ring_system` · `Rings_of_Chariklo` · `Rings_of_Earth` · `Rings_of_Jupiter` · `Rings_of_Neptune` · `Rings_of_Rhea` · `Rings_of_Saturn` · `Rings_of_Uranus` · `Robert_Hooke` · `Roche_limit` · `Roman_mythology` · `Rubble_pile` · `Rupert_Wildt` · `S/2003_J_10` · `S/2003_J_12` · `S/2003_J_16` · `S/2003_J_23` · `S/2003_J_24` · `S/2003_J_4` · `S/2003_J_9` · `S/2011_J_3` · `S/2015_(136472)_1` · `S/2018_J_2` · `S/2018_J_4` · `SMARA_(spacecraft)` · `Sample-return_mission` · `Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way` · `Satellite_system_(astronomy)` · `Saturn` · `Scale_height` · `Scattered_disc` · `Science_Mission_Directorate` · `Scientific_American` · `Scott_S._Sheppard` · `Scribal_abbreviation` · `Sedna_(dwarf_planet)` · `Sednoid` · `Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes` · `Shortwave_radio_receiver` · `Sidereus_Nuncius` · `Simon_Marius` · `Sinope_(moon)` · `Small_Solar_System_body` · `Solar_Polar_Orbit_Observatory` · `Solar_System` · `Solar_System_model` · `Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter` · `Solar_mass` · `Solar_radius` · `Solar_wind` · `Space.com` · `Space_colonization` · `Space_exploration` · `Space_probe` · `Space_station` · `Spacecraft` · `Spectroscopy` · `Speed_of_light` · `Spheroid` · `Sponde` · `Standard_atmosphere_(unit)` · `Standard_gravity` · `Star` · `Star_formation` · `Stellar_collision` · `Styx_(moon)` · `Subsatellite` · [[Sulfur]] · `Sulfur_dioxide` · [[Sun]] · `Super-Earth` · `Super-Jupiter` · `Supercritical_fluid` · `Surface_gravity` · `Synestia` · `Syzygy_(astronomy)` · `Tai_Sui` · `Taygete_(moon)` · `Telescope` · `Temperature` · `Terminator_(solar)` · `Terrestrial_planet` · `Tesla_(unit)` · `Tethys_(moon)` · `The_New_York_Times` · `The_Planets` · `The_Washington_Post` · `Thebe_(moon)` · `Theia_(hypothetical_planet)` · `Thelxinoe_(moon)` · `Themis_(hypothetical_moon)` · `Themisto_(moon)` · `Thermal_radiation` · `Thyone_(moon)` · `Tianwen-4` · `Tidal_circularization` · `Tidal_force` · `Tidal_heating` · `Tidal_locking` · `Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration` · `Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons` · `Titan_(moon)` · `Titania_(moon)` · `Torus` · `Trans-Neptunian_object` · `Trapezoidal_rule` · `Trident_(spacecraft)` · `Trihydrogen_cation` · `Triton_(moon)` · `Trojan_(celestial_body)` · `Tropopause` · `Turbulence` · `Turkic_mythology` · `Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)` · `Ulysses_(spacecraft)` · `Umbriel` · `United_States_Pharmacopeia` · `Universe` · `University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz` · `Upper-atmospheric_lightning` · `Uranus` · `Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe` · `Valetudo_(moon)` · `Vanth_(moon)` · [[Venus]] · `Virgo_Supercluster` · `Volatile_(astrogeology)` · `Volcanism_on_Io` · `Volume` · `Voyager_1` · `Voyager_2` · `Voyager_program` · `Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)` · `Vulcanoid` · `Water` · `Weywot` · `William_Frederick_Denning` · `Xi_Zezong` · `Xiangliu_(moon)` · `Zeta` · `Zeus` · `Zodiac` ## Plate !Jupiter plate.svg *Engraved plate: MTN / Wikitube.io original · CC BY-SA 4.0.* ## From the Real GENERATIVE library ![Animated: Jupiter](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif/220px-790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif) *Animated: Jupiter — placed from the Real G.E.N.E.R.A.T.I.V.E. course library (Geometry room). Source: Wikimedia Commons (via Wikipedia article media). [Details & license](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif).* > Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined and slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter))  ## Media (PD/CC)  !Gif Library/Jupiter/790106-0203 Voyager 58M to 31M reduced.gif *790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif · Public domain*  > **Official MAIN — Planet 5 (system).** Mining survey of the Space Mining In Minnesota CoE, on the Technate Expansion schema — ring **R5 Outer System**. Address: 5.2 AU from the Sun. Sibling surveys: the 14-body index. ## Mining Survey **Confirmed resources.** Atmospheric helium-3 and hydrogen — in the deepest planetary gravity well in the system (60 km/s escape: the resource is real, the export physics brutal); the value concentrates in the moons: Europa's subsurface water ocean, Io's tidal-volcanic sulfur and metals, Ganymede and Callisto's water ice crusts. **Extraction constraints.** Radiation belts lethal to hardware inside Europa's orbit; Callisto (outside the worst belts) is the consensus staging body. **Survey status.** Juno (interior, atmosphere), Galileo legacy mosaics of the moons; Europa Clipper and JUICE en route — the moon surveys are about to improve an order of magnitude. ## Coordinate Frame System III (magnetospheric); IAU planetocentric per moon. Atlas: `Interplanetary-Atlas/Bodies/Jupiter_System` (harvest complete; coords UNVERIFIED pending Mac pass). ## Vocational-Technical Semiotics Speaks the CoE's survey sign systems — geologic map symbols (exported off-world), phase diagrams (ice/volatile stability), crystallographic symbols (mineralogy), hazard pictograms ghs (volatiles handling) — per the CoE semiotics block.  ## Semiotic Vocabulary | Term | Notation / glyph | Sign system | Meaning at this body | |------|------------------|-------------|----------------------| | Jupiter (planet) | ♃ (U+2643) | astronomical symbol | fifth planet, primary body, gas giant | | System III longitude | (W) | IAU magnetospheric coordinates | Jupiter's magnetic pole reference frame | | System I longitude | (W) | IAU atmospheric coordinates | equatorial zone drift rate (~9.9 h) | | System II longitude | (W) | IAU atmospheric coordinates | temperate zone drift rate (~9.9 h) | | Laplace resonance ratio | 1:2:4 | orbital mechanics notation | Io-Europa-Ganymede period lock (tidal heating driver) | | Radiation dose | krad, Gy | nuclear/hazard units | absorbed dose rate; lethal inside Europa orbit | | Zone (atmospheric) | Z | geologic convention | bright equatorial band (low-latitude upwelling) | | Belt (atmospheric) | B | geologic convention | dark polar band (high-latitude subsidence) | | Great Red Spot | GRS | descriptive (unofficial) | anti-cyclonic vortex, ~350 years observed, circulation ~6 days | | Galilean moon prefix | J (J1–J4 historical) | astronomical designation (unofficial) | Jupiter satellite numbering (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) | | Europa chaos terrain | chaos terrain | geologic map symbols | fractured ice crust, subsurface ocean evidence | | Magnetospheric coordinate | (r, λ, φ) | IAU spherical coords | radius, magnetic longitude, planetocentric latitude | Links: geologic map symbols, phase diagrams, crystallographic symbols, hazard pictograms ghs, chaos terrain, orbital mechanics notation  ## Navigation - Space Mining In Minnesota CoE · Technate Expansion · All 14 surveys - Centers of Excellence Portal ## Wikipedia : Wikitube **Strict pair:** [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter) : [Wikitube](https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Jupiter) ## Previous hub tags Tree parents: [[Helium]] · [[Helium-3]] · [[Hydrogen]]. Legacy hubs: none. *Legacy media (later editing), kept in place under `Wikitube - Collision And Promoted Articles/Jupiter/`: `Jupiter Images` (1)* --- *Sources: 1 legacy note. Minted wave 1, 2026-07-30 (v1.6 order).*