# Harlan Cleveland _Foreign-aid administrator, assistant secretary of state, ambassador to NATO, president of the University of Hawaii and first full-time head of the University of Minnesota's Humphrey Institute — the offices he held, what the Institute did under him, and what the record does and does not tie to him_ | Harlan Cleveland | | |---|---| | Full name | James Harlan Cleveland | | Born | January 19, 1918, New York City | | Died | May 30, 2008, Sterling, Virginia | | Party | Democratic (a Kennedy delegate from New York in 1960) | | Foreign-aid posts | Board of Economic Warfare and Foreign Economic Administration, 1942–1944; Allied Control Commission, Rome, 1944–1946; UNRRA, Italy and China, 1946–1948; Economic Cooperation Administration, 1948–1951; Mutual Security Agency, 1952–1953 | | Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs | February 23, 1961 – September 8, 1965 | | U.S. Permanent Representative on the NATO Council | September 1, 1965 – June 11, 1969 | | President, University of Hawaii | 1969–1974 | | Director, later dean, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs | appointed February 8, 1980; resigned as dean June 30, 1987 | | Minnesota state office | member, Minnesota Telecommunications Council (appointed by Governor Rudy Perpich, 1984) | | Minnesota instruments signed | none (he held no state or federal elective office) | | Parent article | [[How Minnesota Got Here]] | | Status | architect article; restates the record and sets out the readings; adjudicates nothing | **James Harlan Cleveland** (1918–2008) was an American foreign-aid administrator, editor, diplomat and university executive. He ran relief and recovery programs in Italy and China in the 1940s, supervised the European program of the Marshall Plan's successor agency, served Presidents Kennedy and Johnson as Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs and then as ambassador to NATO, and was president of the University of Hawaii from 1969 to 1974.[^1][^2][^3] In February 1980 the University of Minnesota's Board of Regents appointed him the first full-time director of the [[Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs|Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs]]; he led it, later with the title of dean, until June 30, 1987.[^4][^5][^6] This article treats Cleveland as one of the six figures the project calls architects. He is the only one of the six who held no state or federal elective office — his one recorded candidacy was for a town council seat in Westchester County, New York, in the 1950s — and the only one whose principal Minnesota role was academic.[^7] He signed no Minnesota statute, and the one state office found in his name is a 1984 appointment by Governor [[Rudy Perpich]] to the Minnesota Telecommunications Council.[^8][^1] The record ties him to the subjects of [[How Minnesota Got Here]] through the Institute: he took charge of an institution that the Regents had already named and sited and Congress had already authorized; he led it for seven years while it received a $5 million federal appropriation and a 1981 state building appropriation; and under him it named senior fellows from the state's policy network and housed a project that publicized a United Nations treaty on discrimination against women.[^9][^10][^11][^12][^13][^14][^15] The corpus credits Cleveland with more than that record shows. It describes the Institute he led as feeding the policy networks that designed the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]], which was created thirteen years before he arrived; links him to [[Minn. Stat. § 43A.191]], to the [[Duluth model]] and to Minnesota refugee resettlement, for which no document was found; and misdates his Institute tenure, the Institute's founding and his early career.[^16][^17][^18] These and other corrections are collected in [[#Corpus claims checked]]. ## Scope and method The article follows the method of its parent: officials in their official capacity, instruments described by what they require, the readings the record supports stated side by side.[^19][^20] Cleveland's federal offices are cited to the State Department's Office of the Historian; his early career to the biographical note of his papers at Princeton; his Hawaii years and his own account of them to the 174-page University of Hawaii oral history recorded in 1996; and his Minnesota years to the University of Minnesota's Board of Regents minutes, *Annual Records* and News Service releases, read in the scans of the University Digital Conservancy.[^2][^1][^7][^4][^5][^21] Several of those scans were read through optical character recognition; quotations from them have been checked against the text layer and kept short where the scan is damaged. ## Early life and education Cleveland was born in New York City on January 19, 1918. His father, an Episcopal chaplain at Princeton and the University of Wisconsin, died in 1926, and his mother raised the four children in the United States and Europe.[^7] He studied in Switzerland as a child and became fluent in French there; a childhood accident left him blind in one eye, which later made him ineligible for military service.[^22][^23] He graduated from Phillips Academy, entered Princeton at sixteen, took his bachelor's degree in 1938, and went to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar until the war in Europe suspended the scholarship.[^7][^1] Back in the United States, and new to Washington, he joined the National Institute of Public Affairs intern program and was placed with the Senate committee chaired by Robert La Follette Jr., where his first assignment was editing the committee's report on the Little Steel Strike of 1937.[^7] In the oral history he described the committee as "more or less on the side of the unions."[^7] ## Relief and aid administration, 1940–1953 The Princeton finding aid dates his public career from 1940, when he became a writer in the information division of the Farm Security Administration. From 1942 to 1944 he worked for the Board of Economic Warfare and its successor, the Foreign Economic Administration, on relief and rehabilitation in German-occupied Europe; from 1944 to 1946 he was executive director and acting vice president of the economic section of the Allied Control Commission in Rome.[^1] For the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]] he was department chief of the Italian Mission from 1946 to 1947 and director of the China office from 1947 to 1948.[^1] The *Chronicle of Higher Education* later summarized the China post as directing United Nations relief efforts in China before he turned thirty.[^12] He then moved to the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]], the agency that administered the Marshall Plan, as director of its Far East Program Division (1948–1949) and then, in the finding aid's words, "department assistant administrator" (1949–1951), a post he recalled as "assistant deputy administrator, I think it was called"; the University of Hawaii's 2008 obituary describes him as director of the China Aid Program who then "developed and managed U.S. aid to East Asia."[^1][^7][^22] In the oral history he connected that work to his later views on education: in Korea, he said, every parent had become convinced their children would go to college, and the government could not turn off "these rising expectations", words the transcript prints inside parentheses as an editorial insertion.[^7] The phrase *revolution of rising expectations* is often attributed to him; no contemporaneous text of his using it was located for this article, and the attribution is listed under [[#Open items]].[^7] His last post in this period was assistant director of the [[Mutual Security Agency]] in charge of the European program, 1952–1953, in which, the finding aid says, "he supervised the fourth year of the Marshall Plan."[^1] The Mutual Security Act of 1951 had created the agency to supersede the Economic Cooperation Administration; [[Harold Stassen]] became its director under Eisenhower in 1953, and Reorganization Plan No. 7 abolished it that August.[^24][^25] Cleveland's overlap with Stassen was short. In the oral history he said he had decided to leave government before the Republicans took charge, and recalled that Stassen, "whom I have gotten to know very well since," cut staff by removing people on the grounds that they were "security risks"; he left, he said, "about March of '53".[^7] ## *The Reporter* and Syracuse, 1953–1961 Cleveland went to New York as executive editor of *The Reporter*, the liberal biweekly founded by Max Ascoli, and served as its publisher in 1955–1956.[^1][^7] From 1956 to 1961 he was professor of political science and dean of the Maxwell Graduate School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, where, the finding aid says, he "built a significant overseas training program."[^1] He described the Maxwell program as treating public administration as "a horizontal overlay on the social sciences", drawing its faculty from sociology, anthropology and history as well as economics and political science.[^7] He was active in Democratic politics in an upstate district he called mostly Republican territory. In 1960 he and his wife went to the Los Angeles convention as Kennedy delegates in the New York delegation; he had met Kennedy when the senator gave Syracuse's 1958 commencement address.[^7] ## Assistant Secretary of State, 1961–1965 President Kennedy appointed Cleveland Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs on February 20, 1961; he entered on duty February 23 and served until September 8, 1965.[^2] The post had been created in 1949 as Assistant Secretary for United Nations Affairs and given its present name by administrative action in 1954.[^26] The Princeton finding aid describes his work as serving as an intermediary between Secretary of State Dean Rusk and United Nations Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, responding to crises including the Congo, West New Guinea, Cyprus, the Middle East and the Cuban missile crisis, and selecting United States delegations to international conferences.[^1] A White House photograph of May 20, 1965 shows him, as assistant secretary, with President Johnson at a meeting of the Antarctic Policy Group.[^27] The corpus says that in this post Cleveland coordinated American positions during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the 1963 test-ban negotiations — working, it says, with Senator [[Hubert Humphrey]] — and the founding of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the Group of 77. The finding aid supports his involvement in the Cuban missile crisis; no source read for this article describes a role in the test-ban negotiations, work with Humphrey on them, or a part in the founding of the two bodies.[^16][^1][^2] ## Ambassador to NATO, 1965–1969 Johnson appointed Cleveland United States Permanent Representative on the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on September 1, 1965; his mission ended June 11, 1969.[^2][^28] The finding aid credits him with organizing the move of NATO's headquarters from Paris to Brussels after the 1966 French withdrawal, which it describes as de Gaulle removing France from the alliance. It also says he "advocated nuclear arms control and strengthening the United Nations for an expanded peace-keeping role".[^1] He stayed into the Nixon administration. In the oral history he explained that the twentieth-anniversary meeting of NATO foreign and defense ministers, set for Washington in April 1969, had been cleared in advance with both presidential campaigns "Because we didn't want to do it if any prospective president was going to say" no on taking office; he said he was kept on because "it was really my job to organize that meeting".[^7] The oral history's biographical summary says he held the NATO post "until May 1969"; the State Department dates the end of the mission to June 11.[^7][^2] ## University of Hawaii, 1969–1974 Cleveland became the eighth president of the University of Hawaii in 1969, after a search that he said had used a lecture at the East-West Center as the "cover story" for his visit.[^7][^22] Asked why he took the job, he said a university presidency was the kind of job he wanted to tackle "because of my professional and academic interest in administration, in how things get done."[^22] The university's own list of past presidents credits him with establishing its law school, extending the medical school, creating the University of Hawaii at Hilo and appointing the first Mānoa chancellor; the 2008 obituary says the medical school was expanded from two to four years.[^3][^22] In the oral history he described his main academic goal as open admissions across the state system — "a right for every citizen of Hawai'i, as an entitlement, in effect" — pursued through the community colleges and a transfer policy that he said took more than two years to negotiate with the Mānoa faculty senate.[^7] He also described a "President's Innovation Fund," formed by setting aside about 1 percent of the university's budget. He said he had persuaded the legislature, the governor and the faculty senate to the arrangement, and that "I hadn't squirreled it away secretly, it was in an open negotiation"; from it he gave an engineering professor $5,000 to try building a ground station for communicating with the ATS-1 satellite, which, he said, was built for about half that sum.[^7] The corpus describes the fund as money distributed outside normal oversight and as a precursor of the [[Feeding Our Future]] fraud; the oral history describes a fund agreed with the legislature, the governor and the faculty, and no document connects it to Minnesota.[^16][^7] ### The faculty union and his departure Collective bargaining came to the Hawaii faculty during his presidency. Asked about it in 1996, he said: "I always thought that it was a bad idea for faculty members to form a union", because "unionization would have a levelling effect" on pay for the best faculty.[^7] He said the union's agenda reached questions of university governance beyond the terms and conditions of employment, and that this "was one of the things that persuaded me that being president of the university for another long period, say another five years, would probably not be the best way to use my talents. But that was only one factor."[^7] He announced his resignation in December 1973, effective in 1974.[^7] In the same interviews he named another dispute — the regents' decision in 1974 to contract directly with the football coach over his objection — as "an issue to resign over", adding that he would have resigned over it had he not already announced his departure.[^7] The corpus says he resigned rather than administer a unionized institution; his own account gives the union as one factor among several.[^16][^7] ## The Aspen Institute, 1974–1980 From 1974 to 1980 Cleveland directed the program in international affairs of the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, based in Princeton, New Jersey. The finding aid describes the program as one of six "think tanks" the institute then ran, and says that under him it focused on ways of coping with an interdependent world, "including the need for a new international economic order."[^1] A University of Minnesota release of February 1980 said the program had held conferences and published books on arms control, international economics and "rich versus poor issues in world politics".[^21] In 1979 he was also the Tom Slick Professor of World Peace at the University of Texas's Lyndon B. Johnson School.[^7] The 1980 release listed among his six books *NATO: The Transatlantic Bargain* (1970), *The Future Executive* (1972) and *The Third Try at World Order* (1977), and said that, at a conference on technology cooperation among nations, he had helped invent the World Weather Watch.[^21] In *The Future Executive* he developed what he called "horizontal" administration, a book he said he had outlined before going to Hawaii and finished there.[^7] ## The Humphrey Institute before Cleveland, 1977–1979 The institution Cleveland came to lead was named, federally authorized and sited before he was hired. On July 28, 1977 Vice President [[Walter Mondale]] announced in Washington a campaign to establish the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs as an expansion of the University of Minnesota's School of Public Affairs; the university's release named Irving Shapiro, chairman of du Pont, as chairman of the national fund-raising campaign, and said the name change would take effect July 1, 1978.[^29] On September 9, 1977, a few months before [[Hubert Humphrey]]'s death in January 1978, the Board of Regents resolved to "rename the School of Public Affairs" for him as the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, and authorized the University of Minnesota Foundation to hold the private money pledged to it.[^9][^12] Congress followed. Pub. L. 95-270, approved April 27, 1978, authorized the Commissioner of Education to make grants "to assist in the development of the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs," with appropriations "not to exceed $5,000,000," and the same act authorized up to $2,500,000 for the Everett McKinley Dirksen Congressional Leadership Research Center in Pekin, Illinois.[^10] No payment could be made "except upon an application" containing the information the Commissioner required.[^10] At the signing President Carter spoke of a "good bipartisan demonstration" and asked Vice President Mondale to comment because of his close association with Humphrey.[^30] The authorization is codified at 20 U.S.C. § 2566; it is a dedicated memorial grant authority, not the Higher Education Act's international-studies title the corpus names.[^31][^16] On December 14, 1979, after a special Committee of the Whole session for discussion the day before, the Regents designated the Oak and Washington site for the Institute and directed their officers to present "a special request for $11 million to the Minnesota Legislature" for a building of about 92,000 square feet that would include a memorial center.[^11] Through these years the Institute was led by part-time directors — John Adams, John Borchert and Fred Lukermann — while a search committee looked for a full-time head.[^5] Faculty work in production in 1979–1980 included a joint study by professors John Brandl and Arthur Naftalin of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Council, and the first group of Humphrey North-South Fellows, a program "funded by the U.S. government to train young leaders of developing countries", completed its year in June 1980.[^5] ## Appointment, February 1980 On the recommendation of President C. Peter Magrath, the Regents voted unanimously on February 8, 1980 that "Harlan Cleveland be appointed as Professor of Public Affairs and Director of the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs", and moved the Institute out of the College of Liberal Arts to report directly to the Vice President for Academic Affairs.[^4] Magrath told the Regents that Cleveland's task would be to develop the existing program into a world-class institute serving Minnesota, the nation and the world.[^4] The *Annual Record* for 1979–1980 called him "the Institute's first full-time director"; he worked as a consultant until the summer and became full-time on August 1, 1980.[^5][^21] The university's release announcing his proposed appointment, issued two days before the vote, quoted Magrath: "Not only does Harlan Cleveland have impressive experience in the real world of public affairs, he has outstanding academic credentials."[^21] It noted that he came "at a time when the University is seeking $11 million to build a home for the institute", with an endowment of more than $13 million in contributions, and quoted Cleveland calling himself by nature "an institution builder, not an institution maintainer".[^21] The minutes record that he then addressed the Regents "on his impression of Hubert Humphrey and his plans for the Humphrey Institute"; the *Annual Record* printed a passage of that statement:[^4][^5] > "Public affairs is not one more discipline, to be defined by a particular method of analysis. It is not a new profession, either, in the tradition of medicine and business and law. It is the public action, the public responsibility component of every profession."[^5] The corpus says Cleveland came to Minnesota from the U.S. Mission to NATO; the 1980 records say he came from the Aspen Institute, eleven years after leaving NATO.[^16][^5][^2] ## Director and dean, 1980–1987 ### Program and people In its first full year under Cleveland the Institute announced four lines of work: its master's degrees in public affairs and planning; "policy clusters" of research and analysis; a midcareer program called Education for Reflective Leadership, which the *Chronicle* later called "one of his two major initiatives"; and public outreach.[^14][^12] Projects begun or prepared in 1980–1981 included Global Environmental Policy, the Pacific Basin Project, Power Sharing among Public, Private and Independent Sectors, Rethinking Human Resources and Rethinking Juvenile Justice.[^14] In 1981 it co-produced *Minnesota Governors*, a nine-part public-television series written and narrated by Naftalin on the nine living former governors.[^14] The same *Annual Record* lists the Institute's new appointments under "Harlan Cleveland, Director". Former Vice President Mondale was named Distinguished University Fellow in Law and Public Affairs; the senior fellows named were John Firor of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Gus Speth, former chairman of the President's Council on Environmental Quality, and "Ted Kolderie, former director of the Twin Cities Citizens League".[^14] Kolderie had become the [[Citizens League]]'s executive director in 1967, the year the Legislature adopted the League's recommendation to create the Metropolitan Council, and served until 1980.[^32] His own organization's biography says that early in the 1980s he moved from urban and metropolitan affairs to the redesign of public education.[^33] [[Arvonne Fraser]] joined the senior fellows in the fall of 1981. In a 2001 university oral history she recalled that "nobody was going to hire the mayor's wife except Harlan Cleveland," who "invited me and a few other women to join" a program of senior fellows built on the idea that people from government and public affairs had something to teach, under which fellows raised their own project money and taught a course a year.[^15] Barbara Lukermann, a planning faculty member, recalled that "Harlan essentially wanted to cut loose from the College of Liberal Arts and become independent", and that he asked her what title she wanted.[^34] Mitchell Pearlstein, who had worked for Governor [[Al Quie]] in the last twenty months of his administration, worked with Cleveland in 1983 preparing two project proposals, one on information technology and one on sunshine laws in higher education.[^35] ### The building and the advisory committee The building money came from the 1981 Legislature, under Governor Quie. Laws 1981, chapter 362, the higher-education bonding act approved June 1, 1981, directed the Regents to construct "two interconnected buildings on the West Bank to serve the needs of the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute and the College of Business Administration", set aside $480,000 for the Institute's planning and working drawings, and provided that the total cost "shall not exceed $16,484,000", less than the Regents had asked.[^13][^36] When state money for the next stage was not available, Cleveland offered, according to the Regents' minutes of June 1982, an interest-free advance from Institute funds to complete the planning, on the understanding that state funds would repay the Institute later.[^37] At the same meeting the Regents enlarged the Institute's Advisory Committee from fifteen to twenty-one members; Chairman Moore told the Regents that the change came "at the initiation of the Director of the Humphrey Institute, Mr. Harlan Cleveland."[^37] [[Orville Freeman]] was already the committee's chairman; the Regents then appointed Freeman, Muriel Humphrey Brown, Lane Kirkland, Rutherford Aris and Evron Kirkpatrick to three-year terms and appointed Freeman chairman for another year.[^37] The *Chronicle* had reported in 1981 that Cleveland added two Republicans to the committee, Rodney Searle, a former speaker of the Minnesota House, and George R. Thiss, chief of staff to Senator David Durenberger, and quoted him: "We want to be seen as objective."[^12] Ground was broken on October 20, 1983, when the program listed "Harlan Cleveland, Director"; the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Center]] was dedicated on May 26, 1986, with events continuing on May 27, the seventy-fifth anniversary of Humphrey's birth.[^38] The program listed tributes from eight former governors, among them [[Harold Stassen]], [[Wendell R. Anderson]] and Quie; the presentation of the building by Governor Perpich; and the presentation of the Humphrey Medal to Mondale by Cleveland.[^38] An article on the building's special rooms described a "Harold Stassen Conference Room" containing memorabilia of Stassen's peace efforts, a Humphrey Senate Office and a Roy Wilkins seminar room.[^38] The Humphrey School's history says that under Cleveland's leadership the school moved into the Humphrey Center in 1986.[^39] ### More governance, less government In October 1981 the *Chronicle of Higher Education* profiled the Institute under a headline calling it Minnesota's memorial to Hubert Humphrey and not just a Democratic Party think tank.[^12] It quoted Cleveland's description of the decade's central question — how to "get more governance with less government" — and his view that people wanted more decisions made in the public interest, on subjects including civil rights, children's rights and women, without necessarily wanting government to deliver more services.[^12] He offered income-tax withholding as an example of a government function delegated to society, and called Humphrey a "situation-as-a-whole guy" who felt responsible for everything.[^12] ### Women's rights and the United Nations treaty Fraser's Institute project, at first called Women, Public Policy and Development, ran from 1981 to 1993. By 1985, she recalled, she had become interested in the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]], and she organized the International Women's Rights Action Watch with colleagues at Columbia University to publicize it.[^15] She credited the university setting for the project's reception abroad: its publications on the treaty "came out under the auspices of the Humphrey Institute" and were accepted, she said, where a private American group's would not have been.[^15] In 1996 Cleveland described the Minnesota project as a replication of an idea from his Hawaii years, adding that "Arvonne Fraser became a worldwide coordinator of the women's movement as far as it reached into UN treaty making".[^7] In 1985, while Cleveland headed the Institute, Fraser and Professor Barbara J. Nelson founded the Institute's Center on Women and Public Policy, which the school describes as the nation's first comprehensive university research center on women and public policy.[^40] No source read for this article records an act of Cleveland's in its founding.[^40][^15] ### Outside roles in Minnesota and elsewhere Effective July 26, 1984, Governor Perpich appointed Cleveland to the Minnesota Telecommunications Council as its education representative, for a term ending the first Monday of January 1987; the Secretary of State's appointment card is the only record of a Minnesota state office in his name found for this article.[^8] The Regents' reports of faculty outside activities list him as a member of the national advisory committee of the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program, administered by the Institute of International Education, in 1982, and of the special advisory committee of the U.S. Council for World Communications Year in 1983; the September 1983 report still styles him "Director."[^41][^42] In 1985 he published *The Knowledge Executive: Leadership in an Information Society* and a study for the Association of Governing Boards, *The Costs and Benefits of Openness: Sunshine Laws and Higher Education*.[^43][^44] In 1988 the senior advisers to the Governor's Blue Ribbon Commission on the Financial Management of the University of Minnesota cited the sunshine-law study's account of the conflict among the public's right to know, individual privacy and an institution's duty to serve the public interest, and commended it "to the Commission and to the political leadership of the state."[^44] ### Departure, 1987 Cleveland resigned as dean on June 30, 1987. On July 15 the university named John Brandl, a professor of public affairs and a state senator, acting dean; on September 22 it announced that G. Edward Schuh of the World Bank would replace "Harlan Cleveland, who retired in June as dean of the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs after seven years."[^6] The university's provost said Cleveland had brought the Institute "international renown."[^6] The oral history's summary says he retired from the university in 1988 as professor emeritus; the Humphrey School lists Schuh as dean from 1987 to 1997.[^7][^39] The title change from director to dean is not dated in the records read for this article: the Regents still called him "Director" in September 1983 and the groundbreaking program did so that October; the 1986 dedication materials and the 1987 releases call him dean.[^42][^38][^6] ## Later life After leaving the deanship Cleveland continued to write and lecture on leadership, public policy and world affairs.[^1] In 1989 the *Christian Science Monitor* profiled him as a generalist whose career had run from relief administration to the Aspen Institute and the Humphrey Institute.[^45] He became president of the World Academy of Art and Science in 1991; at the Academy's San Francisco symposium of February 27, 2000 he delivered the opening remarks and formally invested Walter Truett Anderson as the new president.[^7][^46] His essays *Nobody in Charge: Essays on the Future of Leadership* appeared in 2002.[^47] In the last of the 1996 interviews, recorded at his home in Minneapolis, he said he and his wife were moving to the outskirts of Washington, "partly because the focus of my thinking and contacts still has to do with national and international affairs more than with local affairs in Minnesota or Hawai'i or anywhere."[^7] He died in Sterling, Virginia, on May 30, 2008, at the age of ninety.[^22] Princeton's alumni memorial listed his survivors as his wife of sixty-six years, Lois, two daughters, a son and a grandson.[^23] ## What the record ties to Minnesota's instruments The parent article examines Minnesota instruments keyed to race and sex and the federal certifications that described the State as not discriminating.[^48] For Cleveland the record on each instrument the corpus connects to him is as follows. **§ 43A.191.** The requirement that each executive-branch agency prepare an affirmative-action plan was first enacted as § 43A.19 in Laws 1981, chapter 210, approved May 15, 1981, under Governor Quie, before Cleveland's Institute had a building or a state appropriation; § 43A.191, the agency-plan section in its present numbering, dates from the 1985 First Special Session, chapter 13, section 172, and has been amended many times since. Its current text requires an agency that misses its hiring goals to justify "nonaffirmative action hires".[^49][^18] No source read for this article records any act, testimony or recommendation of Cleveland's concerning either section.[^18][^16] **The Metropolitan Council.** The Council was created by Laws 1967, chapter 896, thirteen years before Cleveland came to Minnesota.[^17] The Institute's documented contacts with it in this period are the Brandl–Naftalin study of the Council, in production in 1979–1980 before Cleveland began full-time work, and the 1980–1981 appointment as senior fellow of Kolderie, who became the Citizens League's executive director in 1967, the year the Legislature adopted the League's recommendation to create the Council.[^5][^14][^32] No source read for this article places Cleveland in any act of the Council or of the League.[^14][^16] **The Roy Wilkins Center and disparity studies.** The [[Roy Wilkins Center for Human Relations and Social Justice]] was founded in 1992, five years after Cleveland left the deanship, as a joint effort of the university and the Roy Wilkins Foundation.[^50] Its disparity-study work, including technical assistance to the Minnesota Department of Transportation and expert testimony in *Geyer v. MnDOT* (2014), belongs to the school he had led, not to his tenure.[^51] **The women's-rights treaty.** The Institute under Cleveland housed the project that publicized the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, an instrument keyed to sex by its title; Fraser's account places its publications under the Institute's auspices, and Cleveland's own account treats it as an idea he had replicated in Minnesota.[^15][^7] No Minnesota statute is traced to the project in the sources read for this article.[^15] **Federal money.** Pub. L. 95-270 conditioned every payment on an application to the Commissioner of Education.[^10] The *Chronicle* reported in 1981 that the Institute had received "a $5-million federal appropriation" to help it become a living memorial.[^12] The dates of the grants and whatever assurances accompanied the University's applications were not located for this article; they are listed under [[#Open items]] because the parent article's subject is the content of such federal filings.[^10][^48] **The Duluth model, refugee resettlement, community foundations and the League of Minnesota Cities.** The corpus sets Cleveland beside the [[Duluth model]], which it says he did not design but likens to his "horizontal" administration; Somali refugee resettlement through voluntary agencies; the 1980 founding of the League of Minnesota Cities Insurance Trust; and two models it calls by the Cleveland name — the community-foundation form of the Cleveland Foundation of 1914 in Ohio, and, in a separate essay, a 2008 cooperative model from that city — which it presents as parallel mechanisms. No source read for this article connects Harlan Cleveland to any of these. He said his own family "derives from the two brothers who gave their name to Cleveland, Ohio".[^16][^7] **The CIA record.** The corpus cites a document in the CIA's CREST database, CIA-RDP05T00644R000200690013-4, which it describes as a catalogue of his publications as of June 1980, and asks why the agency was tracking a dean. The reading room was in maintenance when retrieval was attempted for this article, and the document's title, contents and date were not seen there; the item is listed under [[#Open items]].[^52][^16] ## Connections to the other architects and to Freeman | Figure | Documented contact | What is not documented | Sources | |---|---|---|---| | [[Harold Stassen]] | Stassen became Mutual Security Agency director in early 1953; Cleveland left the agency about March 1953 and later said he had come to know Stassen well; the Humphrey Center (1986) has a Harold Stassen Conference Room, and Stassen was listed among the former governors giving dedicatory tributes | that Cleveland served under Stassen from March to August 1953 (corpus); any joint act | [^25][^7][^38] | | [[Hubert Humphrey]] | Cleveland led the Institute named for him and spoke to the Regents on his impression of Humphrey; the 1968–1969 NATO anniversary plan was cleared with the Humphrey campaign | that Cleveland worked with Humphrey on the 1963 test-ban treaty (corpus) | [^4][^7][^12] | | [[Walter Mondale]] | Mondale announced the Institute campaign in 1977; under Cleveland he was named Distinguished University Fellow; Cleveland presented him the Humphrey Medal in 1986 | — | [^29][^14][^38] | | [[Orville Freeman]] | Chairman of the Institute's Advisory Committee by 1982 and reappointed that year; listed among the former governors giving dedicatory tributes in 1986 | — | [^37][^38] | | [[Amy Klobuchar]] | none found | — | [^16] | | [[Tom Emmer]] | none found | — | [^16] | ## Timeline | Date | Event | Sources | |---|---|---| | January 19, 1918 | Born, New York City | [^7] | | 1938 | Princeton bachelor's degree; Rhodes Scholar at Oxford | [^1][^7] | | 1940 | Writer, Farm Security Administration | [^1] | | 1944–1946 | Allied Control Commission, economic section, Rome | [^1] | | 1947–1948 | Director, UNRRA China office | [^1] | | 1948–1951 | Economic Cooperation Administration: Far East Program Division (finding aid); from 1949 in the agency's central administration (his account) | [^1][^7] | | 1952–1953 | Mutual Security Agency, European program | [^1] | | about March 1953 | Leaves government for *The Reporter* | [^7] | | 1956–1961 | Dean, Maxwell School, Syracuse | [^1] | | February 23, 1961 | Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs | [^2] | | September 1, 1965 | Appointed U.S. Permanent Representative on the NATO Council | [^2] | | June 11, 1969 | NATO mission ends | [^2] | | 1969–1974 | President, University of Hawaii | [^3] | | December 1973 | Announces resignation from Hawaii | [^7] | | 1974–1980 | Aspen Institute international affairs program | [^1] | | July 28, 1977 | Mondale announces the Humphrey Institute campaign | [^29] | | September 9, 1977 | Regents rename the School of Public Affairs | [^9] | | April 27, 1978 | Pub. L. 95-270 approved | [^10] | | December 14, 1979 | Regents request $11 million for an Institute building | [^11] | | February 8, 1980 | Appointed Director and Professor of Public Affairs | [^4] | | August 1, 1980 | Begins full-time | [^21][^5] | | June 1, 1981 | Laws 1981, ch. 362 approved | [^13] | | June 1982 | Advisory Committee enlarged; interest-free advance for building planning | [^37] | | July 26, 1984 | Appointment to the Minnesota Telecommunications Council takes effect | [^8] | | 1985 | § 43A.191 enacted; Center on Women and Public Policy founded | [^18][^40] | | May 26–27, 1986 | Humphrey Center dedicated | [^38] | | June 30, 1987 | Resigns as dean | [^6] | | 1992 | Roy Wilkins Center founded | [^50] | | February 27, 2000 | Installs his successor as World Academy president | [^46] | | May 30, 2008 | Dies in Sterling, Virginia | [^22] | ## Corpus claims checked The project's corpus on Cleveland consists of a long deep-dive file (in two identical copies) that maps him onto fourteen litigation theories, the Stassen–Cleveland essay series (a steelman, a positioning piece, a list of killshots and a synthesis) and an essay on encroachment vectors.[^16] | Corpus claim | Verdict | What the record shows | Sources | |---|---|---|---| | Founding dean of the Humphrey Institute, 1980–1988 | corrected | Appointed Director on February 8, 1980; resigned as dean June 30, 1987; professor emeritus from 1988 | [^4][^6][^7] | | The Regents authorized the Institute on October 14, 1977, after Humphrey's death | false | The Regents renamed the School of Public Affairs on September 9, 1977, while Humphrey was alive; Mondale had announced the campaign on July 28 | [^9][^29] | | The Institute opened with a temporary directorship under Wendell Anderson | false | The part-time directors were John Adams, John Borchert and Fred Lukermann; Anderson appears in the 1986 dedication program among former governors | [^5][^38] | | G. Edward Schuh was the first permanent dean, 1979–1980 | false | Schuh succeeded Cleveland, named in September 1987, and served to 1997 | [^6][^39] | | The Institute was capitalized through 20 U.S.C. § 2566, the Higher Education Act's international-studies provision | corrected | § 2566 derives from Pub. L. 95-270 (1978), a dedicated authorization of up to $5 million for the Humphrey Institute, enacted before Cleveland arrived | [^10][^31] | | Cleveland came to Minnesota from the U.S. Mission to NATO | false | He came from the Aspen Institute; his NATO mission ended in 1969 | [^5][^2] | | The Institute feeds the Citizens League, the Civic Caucus and the policy networks that designed the Metropolitan Council | not supported; one documented tie | The Council was created in 1967, the Institute named in 1977 and Cleveland appointed in 1980; the corpus itself lists his contact with the Council's designers as unproven; the one documented tie is Kolderie's 1980–1981 appointment | [^17][^9][^4][^14][^16] | | The Institute trains the planners who staff the Metropolitan Council and state agencies | not supported | No staffing or alumni data was found | [^16] | | Cleveland ties to the Citizens League | one documented link | The Institute named the League's former executive director, Ted Kolderie, a senior fellow in 1980–1981 | [^14][^32] | | Governor Quie signed the § 43A.191 expansion in 1981 | partly supported | The agency affirmative-action plan requirement was enacted as § 43A.19 in Laws 1981, ch. 210, approved May 15, 1981; § 43A.191 in its present numbering dates from 1985 | [^49][^18] | | The Roy Wilkins Center's disparity studies are part of a Cleveland-built evidentiary base | corrected | The center was founded in 1992, after Cleveland's deanship | [^50][^51] | | The Duluth model is horizontal administration deployed as a due-process bypass | not supported | The corpus says Cleveland did not design the Duluth model and offers the comparison as an analogy; no source connects him to it | [^16] | | The Hawaii Innovation Fund was distributed outside normal oversight and prefigured Feeding Our Future | corrected / not supported | By his account, about 1 percent of the budget, agreed with the legislature, the governor and the faculty senate "in an open negotiation"; no link to Minnesota | [^7] | | Cleveland resigned from Hawaii rather than administer a unionized institution | corrected | He called the union "only one factor" and named the football-contract dispute as an issue to resign over | [^7] | | Cleveland opposed faculty unionization | confirmed | — | [^7] | | Cleveland served under Stassen at the Mutual Security Agency from March to August 1953 | corrected | Stassen became director early in 1953; Cleveland left about March 1953 | [^25][^7] | | Cleveland was in China in 1944 and UNRRA mission director for China, 1945–1947 | false (1944); corrected (UNRRA) | He was in Italy from 1944 to 1947; he directed UNRRA's China office in 1947–1948 | [^1] | | Cleveland was ECA's or MSA's assistant director from 1948 | corrected | ECA Far East Program Division, 1948–1949, and from 1949 an assistant administrator post (the finding aid ties it to the division, his own account to the agency's central administration); MSA European program, 1952–1953 | [^1][^7] | | As assistant secretary Cleveland coordinated U.S. positions in the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the 1963 test-ban negotiations (with Humphrey), and the 1963–1964 founding of UNCTAD and the Group of 77 | partly supported | The finding aid supports his involvement in the Cuban missile crisis; no source read describes a role in the test-ban negotiations, work with Humphrey on them, or a part in founding UNCTAD or the Group of 77 | [^1][^2] | | The CIA catalogued his publications as of June 1980 | not established | The cited CREST document could not be read; its title, contents and date are unknown | [^52] | | The Institute trains Somali refugee-resettlement professionals; Cleveland is the through-line to Feeding Our Future | not supported | No document links Cleveland or the Institute's 1980–1987 programs to refugee resettlement | [^16] | | The Cleveland Foundation's community-foundation form (1914) and a 2008 cooperative model from Cleveland, Ohio work as parallel mechanisms to the Institute | no documented connection | Neither model is tied to Harlan Cleveland in any source read; the two models are distinct | [^16] | | World Academy of Art and Science president, 1991–1998 | corrected in part | He was president from 1991; the end of his term is not established in the sources read, and his successor was invested on February 27, 2000 | [^7][^46] | | The University of Minnesota signed the UN Charter | false as stated | Stassen signed as a United States delegate; see [[Harold Stassen]] | [^16] | | A Stassen Center for World Peace at the university | not found | The Humphrey Center has a Harold Stassen Conference Room | [^38] | | The Humphrey Center was built during Cleveland's tenure | confirmed | Ground broken October 20, 1983; dedicated May 26, 1986 | [^38][^39] | | Cleveland established the Reflective Leadership program | confirmed | Education for Reflective Leadership was one of the four lines of activity announced in 1980–1981; the *Chronicle* called it one of his two major initiatives | [^14][^12] | | Horizontal administration was his concept | confirmed | *The Future Executive* (1972); the oral history | [^7] | ## The two readings The parent article's two readings apply to Cleveland as follows; neither is this article's conclusion.[^48] **The inheritance reading.** On this reading Cleveland inherited an institution whose name, federal authorization and site were fixed before he was hired — the Regents' renaming of September 1977, Pub. L. 95-270 of April 1978 and the Regents' $11 million building request of December 1979 — and was chosen for it by a search committee and a unanimous vote of the Regents.[^9][^10][^11][^4][^5] His offices were federal and academic; no Minnesota statute, executive order, rule or Metropolitan Council action bears his name, and his one state appointment was to a telecommunications council.[^2][^8] The Institute's building appropriation was approved in 1981 under a Republican governor, Quie; Governor Perpich, a Democrat, presented the building in 1986; former governors of both parties were listed for the dedication, and a room in the building is named for Stassen.[^13][^38] He added two Republicans to the advisory committee, saying the Institute wanted to be seen as objective.[^12] The Wilkins Center and the school's later disparity work date from after 1987.[^50][^51] **The structural reading.** On this reading Cleveland, for seven years, led and expanded a state university institute built with a dedicated federal appropriation and a share of a $16.5 million state building appropriation, and the institution continued after him and was renamed a school in 2011.[^10][^12][^13][^39] He called himself "an institution builder, not an institution maintainer"; he sought the Institute's independence from the College of Liberal Arts, initiated the enlargement of its advisory committee and offered Institute money to keep the building's planning moving.[^21][^34][^37] Under him the Institute named senior fellows from the state's policy network, including the Citizens League's former executive director, and named the former vice president a Distinguished University Fellow; he invited Arvonne Fraser, whose project publicized the United Nations convention on discrimination against women, and later described the Minnesota work as an idea he had replicated from Hawaii.[^14][^15][^7] Institute faculty studied the Metropolitan Council, and the school he led later produced disparity studies and gave technical assistance to the Minnesota Department of Transportation.[^5][^51] His career before Minnesota ran through foreign aid and the United Nations system.[^1] **What both readings foreclose.** Both readings rest on the same Regents' minutes, session law, federal statute and university records; they differ on whether his leadership of the Institute is part of the architecture the parent article describes.[^4][^13][^14] Neither is supported by attributing to Cleveland a part in the design of the Metropolitan Council, a role in § 43A.19 or § 43A.191, the Duluth model or refugee resettlement, or an institutional tenure that began before 1980.[^17][^49][^18][^4] ## Open items 1. **The director-to-dean title change.** Between October 1983 ("Director" in the groundbreaking program) and May 1986 ("Dean" in the dedication program); the Regents' minutes for 1984–1986 should record the change.[^42][^38][^6] 2. **Grants under Pub. L. 95-270.** The dates and amounts of the grants the Institute received, and the applications and any assurances the University filed with the Commissioner of Education.[^10][^12] 3. **The CIA CREST document.** Title, contents and date of CIA-RDP05T00644R000200690013-4 when the reading room is available.[^52] 4. **The phrase *revolution of rising expectations*.** The earliest text in which Cleveland used the phrase, from his aid-agency speeches of about 1949–1952 or the speeches series of his papers.[^1][^7] 5. **The Minnesota Telecommunications Council.** Its legal basis and his attendance.[^8] 6. **Ted Kolderie at the Institute.** His start date and projects, from the Institute's files at the University Archives.[^14][^33] 7. **The corpus's Cleveland PDF.** Which University of Hawaii document it is — the 174-page transcript or the excerpt in *Educational Perspectives* (2007) — and why the corpus filed it under the Metropolitan Council; the transcript contains no reference to the Council.[^7][^53] 8. **Laws 1981, ch. 362.** The governor's approval from the House or Senate *Journal*; the session law prints only the approval date.[^13] 9. **The Assistant Secretary end date.** The State Department gives September 8, 1965; confirm against the Department's *Biographic Register*.[^2] 10. **The Medal of Freedom.** The 1979–1980 *Annual Record* lists "the U.S. Medal of Freedom" among his honors; which award and year is unconfirmed.[^5] 11. **Mondale's fellowship.** The date of the Regents' action naming Mondale Distinguished University Fellow.[^14] ## Red-link work list Titles linked from this article that the wiki does not have yet, grouped by project; the cross-spine list is `_spines/redlinks.tsv`. - **Federal and international bodies:** [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] · [[Mutual Security Agency]] · [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]] · [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] - **University of Minnesota:** [[Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs]] · [[Hubert H. Humphrey Center]] · [[Roy Wilkins Center for Human Relations and Social Justice]] - **People:** [[Arvonne Fraser]] ## See also - [[How Minnesota Got Here]] - [[Humphrey, Freeman and Mondale]] - [[Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs]] - [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)]] - [[Citizens League]] - [[Minn. Stat. § 43A.191]] - [[Harold Stassen]] · [[Hubert Humphrey]] · [[Walter Mondale]] · [[Amy Klobuchar]] · [[Tom Emmer]] ## Notes [^1]: Princeton University Library, *Harlan Cleveland Papers* (MC234), finding aid, biography/history (Philadelphia Area Archives copy) — his posts from the Farm Security Administration (1940) through the Humphrey Institute (1980–1987). https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC234 [^2]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Harlan Cleveland (1918–2008)" — Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (appointed Feb. 20, 1961; entry on duty Feb. 23, 1961; terminated Sept. 8, 1965); U.S. Permanent Representative on the NATO Council (appointed Sept. 1, 1965; mission terminated June 11, 1969). https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/cleveland-james-harlan [^3]: University of Hawai'i System, "Past Presidents" — Harlan Cleveland, 1969–1974. https://hawaii.edu/about-uh/past-presidents [^4]: University of Minnesota, Minutes of the Board of Regents, February 1980, Committee of the Whole and Board meetings of Feb. 8, 1980 — appointment of Harlan Cleveland as Professor of Public Affairs and Director of the Humphrey Institute; relocation of the Institute to report to the Vice President for Academic Affairs. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4b237591-cb4b-4275-9567-6f540f2868d5/content [^5]: University of Minnesota, *1979–80 Annual Record*, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs section, pp. 43–44. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/c2cf7087-94d1-41f9-9284-bd8bd8fdf47c/content [^6]: University of Minnesota News Service, releases of July 15, 1987 (Brandl named acting dean) and Sept. 22, 1987 (Schuh named dean) (University Digital Conservancy scan). https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/cad30216-296e-4bb7-b373-b24d76bc55f6/content [^7]: *Interview with Harlan Cleveland*, by Warren Nishimoto, University of Hawai'i Presidents Oral History Project, interviews of January–April 1996 in Punalu'u, Hawai'i and Minneapolis (174-page transcript, 1998), including its biographical summary. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/06664c59-9afe-47e1-a739-155aafc827a2/content [^8]: Minnesota Secretary of State, appointment card, Harlan Cleveland (Hennepin), Minnesota Telecommunications Council, education representative; appointment by Perpich effective 7/26/84 to the first Monday of January 1987 (image, Legislative Reference Library archive). https://www.lrl.mn.gov/archive/sos/cards/pdf/appointments_0001655009.pdf [^9]: University of Minnesota, Minutes of the Board of Regents, meeting of Sept. 9, 1977 — resolution renaming the School of Public Affairs. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/31e475cb-9686-4985-91e1-593494fcf120/content "in fondness, gratitude, and in honor of this distinguished alumnus" [^10]: Pub. L. 95-270, 92 Stat. 220, approved Apr. 27, 1978 — grants for the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, appropriations not to exceed $5,000,000. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg220.pdf [^11]: University of Minnesota, Minutes of the Board of Regents, Dec. 13–14, 1979 (special Committee of the Whole, Dec. 13; Committee of the Whole and Board, Dec. 14) — Oak and Washington site; special request for $11 million to the Legislature for an Institute facility. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/81bda602-222d-4583-97ab-29d67c35c500/content [^12]: Cheryl M. Fields, article on the Humphrey Institute under Cleveland, *Chronicle of Higher Education* (Oct. 28, 1981), clipping in the University of Minnesota's Humphrey Center file (University Digital Conservancy scan). https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/eedb268b-537e-4ab2-9736-23501fd09f08/content [^13]: Laws of Minnesota 1981, ch. 362 (H.F. No. 1474), higher-education bonding, sec. 5, subd. 2(a) — two interconnected West Bank buildings for the Humphrey Institute and the College of Business Administration; approved June 1, 1981. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/1981/0/Session+Law/Chapter/362/pdf/ [^14]: University of Minnesota, *Annual Record 1980–81*, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs section ("Harlan Cleveland, Director"), pp. 46–47. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0fb1a2cd-92ed-440f-8034-2d523b582706/content [^15]: University of Minnesota Sesquicentennial Diversity Project, *Interview with Arvonne Fraser*, by Ann M. Pflaum, Jan. 4, 2001. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0716a521-24c6-4082-b9db-c985133a1f8c/content [^16]: Minnesota record, Cleveland corpus files (Harlan_Cleveland.md and its identical copy Harlan_Cleveland_Deep_Dive_T1-T14.md; the Stassen–Cleveland Essay I steelman, Essay II positioning piece, Essay III killshots and Essay V synthesis; and essay 46 on encroachment vectors), as checked in the Cleveland fact sheet of Oct. 28, 2026. [^17]: Laws of Minnesota 1967, ch. 896 (Metropolitan Council), session-law PDF, "Approved May 25, 1967." https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/1967/0/Session+Law/Chapter/896/pdf/ [^18]: Minn. Stat. § 43A.191, "Agency Affirmative Action Programs," with history line. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/43A.191 [^19]: Minnesota record, *How Minnesota Got Here — Minnesota's Administrative Discrimination Regime* (merged master, footnoted; compiled June 12, refreshed June 19, 2026), preface and §0 — the discipline (structural claims about institutions; individuals in official capacity only; verdicts reserved to the grand jury, the court and the Division) and the two readings built to be cited by both sides. [^20]: Minnesota record, *The Instrument No One Will Name* (densified companion, June 18, 2026), opening register and method note — combative to the game, critical of each team, neutral on the players; judges the container, never the merits; "symmetric or void". [^21]: University of Minnesota News Service, releases of Feb. 6, 1980 announcing Cleveland's proposed appointment as director, with a memo to news people (University Digital Conservancy scan of the January–March 1980 releases). https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ac950b1-fb88-4818-b9bf-2a4d2ecd2ec5/content [^22]: University of Hawai'i News, "University of Hawaii remembers former president Harlan Cleveland" (June 5, 2008). https://www.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=2348 [^23]: *Princeton Alumni Weekly*, memorial, "James Harlan Cleveland '38" (Dec. 17, 2008). https://paw.princeton.edu/memorial/james-harlan-cleveland-38 [^24]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Director of the Mutual Security Agency" — Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953 abolished the agency and moved its functions to the Foreign Operations Administration effective August 1, 1953. https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/principalofficers/director-mutual-security-agency [^25]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Harold E. Stassen (1907–2001)" — Director of the Mutual Security Agency (appointed Jan. 27, 1953; entry on duty Jan. 28; terminated Aug. 1, 1953); Director of the Foreign Operations Administration (appointed Aug. 3, 1953; terminated March 19, 1955). https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/stassen-harold-e [^26]: Office of the Historian, "Assistant Secretaries of State for International Organization Affairs" — the post created in February 1949 as Assistant Secretary for United Nations Affairs and redesignated Aug. 25, 1954. https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/principalofficers/assistant-secretary-international-organization-affairs [^27]: LBJ Presidential Library, Discover LBJ, "Cleveland, J. Harlan" — White House photograph c226-5-wh65 by Cecil Stoughton, meeting with members of the Antarctic Policy Group, May 20, 1965. https://discoverlbj.org/item/bio-clevelandh [^28]: Office of the Historian, "U.S. Permanent Representatives on the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization." https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/representative-to-nato [^29]: University of Minnesota News Service, "HHH Public Affairs Institute to be Established at U of M" (July 28, 1977), University Digital Conservancy scan. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/598c4d8b-a968-4199-8d04-df0a1d718fff/content [^30]: Jimmy Carter, "Remarks on Signing Into Law a Bill Authorizing Grants for Institutes Honoring Senators Hubert H. Humphrey and Everett M. Dirksen" (Apr. 27, 1978), American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-signing-into-law-bill-authorizing-grants-for-institutes-honoring-senators-hubert-h [^31]: 20 U.S.C. § 2566 (Legal Information Institute). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/20/2566 [^32]: MNopedia (Minnesota Historical Society), "Citizens League" — the 1967 report that led to the Metropolitan Council; Ted Kolderie, executive director 1967–1980. https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/group/citizens-league [^33]: Education Evolving, "Ted Kolderie" (biography). https://www.educationevolving.org/people/ted-kolderie [^34]: University of Minnesota oral history, *Interview with Barbara Lukermann*, by Clarke A. Chambers. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/5f3dce6b-efe4-41b9-9585-165ebd41a601/content [^35]: University of Minnesota oral history, *Interview with Mitchell Pearlstein*, by Clarke A. Chambers. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/2a4308fa-8b8e-4a95-a53e-f1fe27d4eb81/content [^36]: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, "Bonding Bills" table — 72nd Legislature, 1981, "Higher education bonding," HF1474, Chapter 362. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/history/bondingbills [^37]: University of Minnesota, Minutes of the Board of Regents, June 10–11, 1982 — Humphrey Institute building project and Cleveland's offer of an advance from Institute funds; amendment of the Advisory Committee charter; appointments to the Advisory Committee. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8daf5a8a-feb9-4cb4-8c84-993c5816f81c/content [^38]: University of Minnesota, Humphrey Center file — News Service items, the dedication program of May 26–27, 1986 and the building guide (University Digital Conservancy scan). https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/eedb268b-537e-4ab2-9736-23501fd09f08/content [^39]: Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, "Mission, Values and Legacy" — school history: predecessors from 1936, the Humphrey Institute, Adams (1976–79), Cleveland founding dean (1980), renamed 2011. https://www.hhh.umn.edu/mission-values-and-legacy [^40]: Humphrey School, Center on Women, Gender, and Public Policy, "History" — founded 1985 by Arvonne Fraser and Barbara J. Nelson. https://www.hhh.umn.edu/cwgpp/about/history [^41]: University of Minnesota, Minutes of the Board of Regents, Nov. 11–12, 1982 — report of faculty outside professional activities (Harlan Cleveland, Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program advisory committee). https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/21e7577f-90ba-40f3-a9d5-99570a11eb90/content [^42]: University of Minnesota, Minutes of the Board of Regents, Sept. 15–16, 1983 — report of outside professional activities ("Harland Cleveland, Director"; U.S. Council for World Communications Year 83). https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/aa539e3b-70d4-460d-867d-f7b0d8408208/content [^43]: Harlan Cleveland, *The Knowledge Executive: Leadership in an Information Society* (New York: Truman Talley Books, 1985), Internet Archive catalogue record. https://archive.org/details/knowledgeexecuti00clev [^44]: Senior Advisers' report to the Governor's Blue Ribbon Commission on the Financial Management of the University of Minnesota (Oct. 13, 1988), p. 16 and note 2, citing Harlan Cleveland, *The Costs and Benefits of Openness: Sunshine Laws and Higher Education* (Association of Governing Boards, 1985). https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3e26e0b2-be6e-450a-94e7-12a5083e5b58/content [^45]: Rushworth M. Kidder, profile of Harlan Cleveland, *Christian Science Monitor* (Sept. 1, 1989). https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0901/d1cle.html [^46]: World Academy of Art and Science, *Newsletter*, Summer/Fall 2000 — the San Francisco symposium of Feb. 27, 2000; Cleveland, "now President Emeritus," invests Walter Truett Anderson as president. https://www.worldacademy.org/files/Newsletters/Summer_-_Fall_2000.pdf [^47]: Harlan Cleveland, *Nobody in Charge: Essays on the Future of Leadership* (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002), Internet Archive catalogue record. https://archive.org/details/nobodyinchargees0000clev_u5n2 [^48]: Minnesota record, *How Minnesota Got Here — Minnesota's Administrative Discrimination Regime* (merged master, footnoted; compiled June 12, refreshed June 19, 2026), §0 and §6 — the defense (inheritance and immunization) and prosecution (structurally compromised apparatus; receivership argument) readings, and the third reading both foreclose. [^49]: Laws of Minnesota 1981, ch. 210 (S.F. No. 876), approved May 15, 1981 — repeals Minnesota Statutes 1980, chapter 43 and enacts chapter 43A: § 1 [43A.01] subd. 2 (the affirmative-action policy), § 13 [43A.13] subd. 7 ("expanded certification"), § 19 [43A.19] (the statewide affirmative action program), § 53 [43A.47] (transitional provisions). https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/1981/0/Session+Law/Chapter/210/ "All rights, privileges, liabilities and obligations possessed or created under chapter 43" [^50]: Humphrey School, "Roy Wilkins Center for Human Relations and Social Justice" — founded in 1992 as a joint effort of the University and the Roy Wilkins Foundation. https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice [^51]: Humphrey School, Roy Wilkins Center for Human Relations and Social Justice, "Disparity Studies" page. https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/wilkins-center-research/disparity-studies "on behalf of more than a dozen public sector clients" [^52]: Central Intelligence Agency, FOIA Reading Room, document CIA-RDP05T00644R000200690013-4 — page retrieved Oct. 28, 2026 showed the reading room in system maintenance; the document was not seen. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp05t00644r000200690013-4 [^53]: *Educational Perspectives* (University of Hawai'i College of Education), vol. 40, no. 2 (2007), contents — "Harlan Cleveland interviewed by Warren Nishimoto (1996)", an edited narrative, p. 43. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c667c27-b606-4161-bafd-55b0bb826551/content