# Portal - Professional Association Regime _An entry point to this project's articles on the Minnesota bodies that decide who may practise a profession: the licensing boards of chapter 214, the Supreme Court's bar, the teacher and peace-officer boards, the accreditors whose approval the statutes require, and the associations that nominate to them_ | Portal - Professional Association Regime | | |---|---| | Type | portal; publish: false; restates the record; not a finding | | Regime, as the corpus frames it | the gate: the state's licensing boards and professional associations, which the corpus says make the University of Minnesota's credential mandatory and define the pool from which every later personnel filter sorts[^1][^2] | | Statute, as the corpus frames it | Minn. Stat. ch. 214 and its sixteen health boards, with § 150A.06 and § 156.12 as the provisions said to write the University's dependency into law[^1][^3] | | Toll, as the corpus frames it | a monopoly over four professions, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine, for which the corpus says the University runs the only accredited in-state program[^1][^4] | | Immunity, as the corpus frames it | boards functionally dependent on the university they would need to investigate, so that an Attorney General faces what the corpus calls institutional headwinds[^3][^5] | | Federal caption, as the corpus frames it | none named; the corpus cites no suit against a Minnesota board. The federal case this portal uses is *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, No. 13-534 (2015)[^6] | | What the record shows | a licensing frame enacted in 1973 under a DFL governor and amended under governors of four party labels; boards composed primarily of practitioners by stated legislative policy, with public members defined since 1973; a bar governed by the Supreme Court; two accredited medical schools in Minnesota, not one; a veterinary license class the corpus names that a 2024 act repealed effective July 1, 2025 and replaced with an institutional license; a dental provision that speaks of the dean of any dental education program; a peace-officer screening rule that names no test[^7][^8][^9][^10][^11][^12][^13] | | Federal actions | none against a Minnesota board found in the record read; the Supreme Court's 2015 decision on state boards controlled by active market participants, decided 6–3, is the governing federal statement on such boards' antitrust exposure[^6][^14] | | Parent article | [[How Minnesota Got Here]] | | Status | portal; fifteen articles in five parts; adjudicates nothing | **The Professional Association Regime** is the name this project's corpus gives to one of the ten regimes in its *Ten Regimes, One Machine* essays: in the first essay's words, the mint issues the credential and this regime makes the credential mandatory. The corpus groups under it the health-related and non-health licensing boards of Minnesota Statutes chapter 214, the Board of Law Examiners, the teacher and peace-officer boards, the accrediting bodies whose approval the licensing statutes require, and some twenty-five professional associations, and it calls the whole the gate.[^1][^2][^3][^15] This portal is the entry point to the project's articles on those bodies: the fifteen articles below treat the frame, the boards, the courts' professions, the two largest non-health boards, and the accreditors and the University.[^1][^5] The record the articles assemble is older, more varied and more publicly supervised than the corpus's frame. Chapter 214 descends from Laws 1973, chapter 638, enacted under Governor Wendell Anderson (DFL), which defined a "Public member" as a person who "is not, or never was, a member of the profession or occupation being licensed or regulated"; a 1976 policy section declares that occupational standards are best set by "boards composed primarily of members of the occupations so regulated" and that there should be "separation of the investigative and prosecutorial functions from the board's judicial responsibility".[^8][^7][^9] The chapter 214 boards are appointed by the governor, the Attorney General's employees investigate complaints and represent the boards, and the boards report to the governor and the Legislature.[^16][^17][^18] Lawyers stand outside the chapter: the Supreme Court "shall, by rule from time to time, prescribe the qualifications of all applicants for admission to practice law in this state", and appoints the Board of Law Examiners and the Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board.[^19][^20] Where the corpus places the University of Minnesota at the center, the record places it in some statutes and not in others. The pharmacy statute names "the College of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota" and, in the same clause, any "college or school of pharmacy in good standing of which the board shall be the judge"; the veterinary statute, by a 2024 act effective July 1, 2025, provides an institutional license for persons employed by the University; the dental statute speaks of "The dean of a dental education program", not of one school; and the Liaison Committee on Medical Education lists two fully accredited Minnesota medical schools, the University's and the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine in Rochester.[^21][^22][^12][^10] The corpus's claims about the regime are set against the record in [[#Corpus claims checked]].[^1][^5] ## How to read this portal The articles are grouped in five parts: the statutory frame of chapter 214 and the federal case on boards run by practitioners; the five health boards most tied to the University's professional schools; the Supreme Court's control of lawyers; the two non-health boards with the largest licensee populations, teachers and peace officers; and accreditation and the University. Each section gives a short, footnoted summary, the article it leads to and the other articles in this portal it connects to; every connection is listed from both ends. Eleven articles marked *new* are not yet written; their sections rest on the records read for this portal. Officials appear in their official capacity, and board members, test authors and presenters are named only for acts the record attributes to them. ## The spine | # | Part | Article | What it covers | Kind | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | I. The frame | [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] | the 1973 chapter, public members, the Attorney General's role, complaints and reports | new | | 2 | I. The frame | [[North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC]] | the 2015 decision on boards controlled by active market participants | new | | 3 | II. Health boards | [[Minnesota Board of Medical Practice]] | § 147.01: sixteen members, five public; licensure by examination and accredited school | vault page | | 4 | II. Health boards | [[Minnesota Board of Dentistry]] | § 150A.02 and § 150A.06: association nominations, faculty licenses, nonaccredited graduates | new | | 5 | II. Health boards | [[Minnesota Board of Pharmacy]] | § 151.02 and § 151.10: the statute that names the University's college | new | | 6 | II. Health boards | [[Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine]] | ch. 156: the 2024 institutional license, the 2026 board expansion | new | | 7 | II. Health boards | [[Minnesota Board of Psychology]] | §§ 148.90–.907 and the 2021 composition act for three behavioral boards | new | | 8 | III. The courts' professions | [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] | § 481.01 and the court's rules for admission and discipline | vault page | | 9 | III. The courts' professions | [[Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota)]] | Rule 3 and Rule 4: nine members, ABA-approved schools, alternative pathways | new | | 10 | III. The courts' professions | [[Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board]] | the discipline system: director, board, district committees | vault page | | 11 | III. The courts' professions | [[Minnesota State Bar Association]] | the voluntary bar and its seat on the advisory council | new | | 12 | IV. Teachers and peace officers | [[Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board]] | the 2017 board that replaced the Board of Teaching; tiers; program approval | new | | 13 | IV. Teachers and peace officers | [[Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]] | §§ 626.841–.8432, Minn. R. ch. 6700, the 2020 change, the screening rule | new | | 14 | V. Accreditation and the University | [[Liaison Committee on Medical Education]] | the accreditor the medical statute presupposes; two Minnesota schools | new | | 15 | V. Accreditation and the University | [[University of Minnesota]] | the statutes that name the University; the professional schools; the MMPI | vault page | ## Part I — The statutory frame The board-by-board ledger of licensing statutes — each board's composition, qualifications for licensure, complaint procedure and amendments, from the 1973 chapter to the 2026 veterinary act — is left to the articles themselves. Two articles frame this part. The first treats chapter 214 itself, the general law that the health and non-health boards share; the second treats the 2015 Supreme Court decision that made the composition of such boards a federal antitrust question.[^23][^24][^6] ### Minn. Stat. ch. 214 [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] is the common frame for the state's examining and licensing boards. Its definitions section, first enacted as Laws 1973, chapter 638, section 63, now names sixteen health-related licensing boards and one office, from the Board of Executives for Long Term Services and Supports to the Board of Veterinary Medicine, and eight non-health boards, from the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board to the Peace Officer Standards and Training Board.[^23][^24][^9] The 1973 act also defined the "Public member" whom the practice acts seat on the boards: a person who "is not, or never was, a member of the profession or occupation being licensed or regulated or the spouse of any such person".[^8] The policy section added in 1976, under the same DFL governor, finds that the interests of the people are served by regulating certain occupations, that standards are best set by "boards composed primarily of members of the occupations so regulated", and that "no regulation shall be imposed upon any occupation unless required for the safety and well being" of the citizens; it ranks licensing last among four modes of regulation.[^7][^25][^9] The chapter supplies the boards' staff and their lawyers. The Department of Health provides services to the health boards, the Department of Commerce to the remaining non-health boards, and "Investigative services shall be provided the boards by employees of the Office of Attorney General."[^17] Each board's executive director "shall be the chief administrative officer for the board but shall not be a member of the board", and the governor may ask a health board to review its director's performance.[^26][^27] Complaints follow a prescribed path: a communication alleging a violation goes "to the designee of the attorney general responsible for providing legal services to the board", and "No complaint alleging a matter within the jurisdiction of the board shall be dismissed by a board unless at least two board members have reviewed the matter."[^28] For the health boards, Laws 1993, First Special Session, chapter 1, under Governor Arne Carlson (Independent-Republican), added a separate complaint procedure, § 214.103; Laws 2012, chapter 278, under Governor Mark Dayton (DFL), added to it the requirement that the board resolve or dismiss a complaint within a year unless it determines that it cannot; and the section provides that a board member with "a current or former direct financial or professional connection with a regulated person may not vote".[^29][^30][^9] Non-health boards report to the governor every even-numbered year and health boards to a shared administrative unit, which reports to the governor and legislative chairs; boards of a kind may hold joint rulemaking; continuing-education requirements "shall not exceed an average attendance requirement of 50 clock hours per year", with mandated content on fetal alcohol syndrome and parental depression for some boards; and two or more health boards may run a health professionals services program for licensees unable to practise safely.[^18][^31][^32][^33][^34][^35] _Main article:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC]] · [[Minnesota Board of Medical Practice]] · [[Minnesota Board of Dentistry]] · [[Minnesota Board of Pharmacy]] · [[Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine]] · [[Minnesota Board of Psychology]] · [[Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board]] · [[Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]] ### North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC [[North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC]], No. 13-534, decided February 25, 2015, is the Supreme Court's statement on boards like Minnesota's. North Carolina's board, six of whose eight members had to be licensed, practising dentists, had issued "at least 47 official cease-and-desist letters to nondentist teeth whitening service providers and product manufacturers, often warning that the unlicensed practice of dentistry is a crime", after dentists complained that nondentists charged less.[^6] The Federal Trade Commission charged an unfair method of competition; the board claimed the state-action immunity of *Parker v. Brown*.[^36] The Court held, by Justice Kennedy for six justices, that "a state board on which a controlling number of decisionmakers are active market participants in the occupation the board regulates must satisfy" the active-supervision requirement to invoke immunity, and that the North Carolina board had not been supervised; Justice Alito dissented, joined by Justices Scalia and Thomas.[^14][^37] The opinion frames the question as one of structural risk: "Limits on state-action immunity are most essential when the State seeks to delegate its regulatory power to active market participants, for established ethical standards may blend with private anticompetitive motives in a way difficult even for market participants to discern."[^38] The Court said the inquiry into supervision "is flexible and context-dependent", that the supervisor must review the substance of the anticompetitive decision, and that the mere potential for supervision is not an adequate substitute for a decision by the State; municipalities, being electorally accountable, need only the clear-articulation showing; and states "may provide for the defense and indemnification of agency members in the event of litigation".[^39][^40][^41] Minnesota's practice acts, following the policy of § 214.001, give practitioners the controlling number on every board in this portal and give the governor the appointments; chapter 214 gives the Attorney General the investigations and chapter 14 the contested cases; no decision applying the 2015 test to a Minnesota board was found in the record read for this portal, and this section does not supply one.[^7][^17][^42] _Main article:_ [[North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[Minnesota Board of Dentistry]] · [[Minnesota Board of Medical Practice]] · [[Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota)]] ## Part II — The health boards Five articles treat the health boards the corpus ties most closely to the University's professional schools. All five are governed by chapter 214 for terms, staff, complaints and fees, and each practice act fixes the board's size, the practitioner majority and the number of public members.[^16][^43][^44][^45][^46] The sections note where a statute names the University of Minnesota, where it names a professional association, and where it names a national accreditor; they also note the alternative routes each statute gives to graduates of other schools.[^21][^47][^48] ### Minnesota Board of Medical Practice The [[Minnesota Board of Medical Practice]] "consists of 16 residents of the state of Minnesota appointed by the governor. Eleven board members must be licensed to practice medicine under this chapter." Five must be public members, and the governor "shall ensure that no more than one public member resides in each United States congressional district".[^16] Before a doctor-of-medicine or public seat expires, "the State Medical Association, the Mental Health Association of Minnesota, and other interested persons and organizations may recommend to the governor" candidates, and the osteopathic society may recommend three osteopathic physicians; the governor "may appoint members to the board from the list of persons recommended or from among other qualified candidates."[^49] The Secretary of State's record of the board gives its address as 335 Randolph Avenue, Suite 140, St. Paul, and its enabling date as May 17, 1961.[^50] The licensing statute does not name a school. An applicant must be a graduate of a medical or osteopathic school in the United States, its territories or Canada "approved by the board based upon its faculty, curriculum, facilities, accreditation by a recognized national accrediting organization approved by the board, and other relevant data", must pass the national examinations within three attempts, and must complete a year of accredited graduate training.[^51][^52] Disciplinary votes are by roll call and are public, and the board must publish annually "a description of all disciplinary measures taken by the board"; the physician application fee is $200 and annual renewal $192.[^53][^54][^55] The board's governing section has been amended in most decades since 1921, most recently by Laws 2025, First Special Session, chapter 3, under Governor Tim Walz (DFL).[^56][^9] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota Board of Medical Practice]] _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC]] · [[Liaison Committee on Medical Education]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ### Minnesota Board of Dentistry The [[Minnesota Board of Dentistry]] has nine members, two public members as defined by § 214.02 and "five qualified resident dentists, one qualified resident licensed dental assistant, and one qualified resident dental hygienist appointed by the governor."[^43] The statute gives three associations a formal role: at least ninety days before a practitioner's term expires, "the Minnesota Dental Association, Minnesota Dental Assistants Association, or the Minnesota Dental Hygienists' Association shall recommend to the governor for each term expiring not less than two dentists, two licensed dental assistants, or two dental hygienists", and "from the list so recommended the governor may appoint".[^47] The section dates from Laws 1969, chapter 974, under Governor Harold LeVander (Republican), and was last amended in 2017.[^57][^9] Licensure runs through a national accreditor, not a school. A dentist applicant must have "graduated from a dental education program accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation", and a foreign graduate "must not be disqualified from examination solely because of the applicant's foreign training if the board determines that the training is equivalent".[^58] The provision the corpus describes as the University dean's power reads, in the statute, "The dean of a dental education program and program directors of a Minnesota dental hygiene or dental assisting education program accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation shall certify to the board those members of the education program faculty who practice dentistry but are not licensed to practice dentistry in Minnesota"; the faculty member must then "apply to the board for a limited or full faculty license", and a limited license allows practice within the program "but only for the purposes of teaching or conducting research."[^12][^59] The University appears by name once, in the clause making "A University of Minnesota School of Dentistry dental resident holding a resident dentist license" eligible for medical assistance enrollment.[^60] Specialty licenses follow the National Commission on Recognition of Dental Specialties, and a graduate of a nonaccredited program who passes the clinical examination receives a limited general license and must practise three years under a supervising dentist before an unlimited one.[^61][^62] The school describes itself as "the state’s only dental school".[^63] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota Board of Dentistry]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ### Minnesota Board of Pharmacy The [[Minnesota Board of Pharmacy]] consists of three public members as defined by § 214.02 "and six pharmacists actively engaged in the practice of pharmacy in this state", each pharmacist with five consecutive years of practice; the section descends from Laws 1937, chapter 354, under Governor Elmer Benson (Farmer-Labor), and was last amended in 2015.[^44][^64][^9] Of all the licensing statutes read for this portal, § 151.10 is the one that names the University: to be examined as a pharmacist the applicant "shall be a graduate of the College of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota or of a college or school of pharmacy in good standing of which the board shall be the judge".[^21] The same section admits graduates of schools outside the United States who pass "examinations approved by the board to establish proficiency in English and equivalency of education".[^65] The chapter's definitions tie internship to national accreditation rather than to any school: a pharmacist intern is a person enrolled in "a doctor of pharmacy program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)" or a graduate of one registered to obtain experience, and foreign graduates who pass the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination are included.[^66] The College of Pharmacy's own page records that ACPE's board, at its meeting of January 24–26, 2024, granted the program accreditation through June 30, 2032; the page does not say whether it is the only PharmD program in Minnesota, and the ACPE directory retrieved for this portal lists providers without a Minnesota filter.[^67][^68] The section dates from the 1937 act; its naming of the University sits beside, not in place of, the board's judgment of other schools' standing.[^21][^69] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota Board of Pharmacy]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[University of Minnesota]] · [[Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine]] ### Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine The [[Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine]] is the board whose statute changed most during this portal's period. Laws 2026, chapter 53 (H.F. 3718), signed by Governor Walz on April 29, 2026, with a tied House and a DFL Senate, enlarged it from seven members to nine: two public members, five licensed veterinarians, one licensed veterinary technician and one member who may be either, all appointed by the governor and each practitioner with five years' practice in the state.[^70][^71][^45][^72] The act also repealed § 156.01, subd. 2, which had let the Minnesota Veterinary Medical Association recommend up to three veterinarians for each veterinarian appointment.[^70] The act carries forward the definition of an accredited college as one that "conforms to the standards required for accreditation or approval by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education".[^73] An applicant needs a degree from an accredited or approved college, an ECFVG or PAVE certificate for foreign graduates, or a dean's certificate of imminent graduation.[^48] The corpus describes a license class in § 156.12 that exists only for University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center faculty. That was subdivision 6 of the section, which House Research's 2024 summary of H.F. 1817 describes as a "specialty or temporary faculty Veterinary Medical Center clinician license"; Laws 2024, chapter 127, article 20, section 12, repealed it effective July 1, 2025, and section 6 of the same article enacted its replacement, § 156.0721, headed institutional licensure.[^163][^11][^74] Under that section "Any person who seeks to practice veterinary medicine while employed by the University of Minnesota and who is not eligible for a regular license" may apply; the applicant must hold a veterinary degree "from a nonaccredited college of veterinary medicine", pass the state jurisprudence examination and provide proof of employment; the license is "valid only for the practice of veterinary medicine associated with the applicant's employment", and "must be canceled by the board upon receipt of information from the University of Minnesota that the holder of the license has left".[^22][^75] The 2024 act was signed by Walz on May 24, 2024, with DFL majorities in both houses; the University's presenter, in a February 22, 2024 presentation archived under the Senate Health and Human Services Committee's minutes, described a clinical faculty shortage with a vacancy rate near 12 percent and said the University is the only College of Veterinary Medicine in Minnesota, graduating about 120 veterinarians a year.[^76][^72][^77] Section 156.12 still exempts University employees in compliance with § 156.0721 who perform duties in the College of Veterinary Medicine and other named units, and foreign graduates working under University faculty toward an ECFVG or PAVE certificate.[^78][^79] The same 2024 omnibus amended §§ 214.025, 214.04 and 214.31 of the general chapter.[^80] Section 156.12 also defines the practice to include complementary therapies and requires a veterinarian-client-patient relationship before practice.[^81] The college holds full accreditation from the AVMA Council on Education and is reviewed every seven years.[^82] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[Minnesota Board of Pharmacy]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ### Minnesota Board of Psychology The [[Minnesota Board of Psychology]] "has 11 members": four licensed psychologists with doctorates, two with master's degrees, "two psychologists, not necessarily licensed, who have doctoral degrees in psychology representing different training programs in psychology", and three public members; chapter 214 governs its terms, staff and complaints.[^46][^83] A public member "shall represent the public interest and shall not" be a psychologist, an applicant, a member of a household that includes a psychologist, or a licensee of another health board.[^84] Licensure requires passing examinations and a doctoral degree "with a major in psychology from a regionally accredited educational institution meeting the standards the board has established by rule", plus a year of supervised postdoctoral employment; a master's-level route was closed to new entrants after 1998.[^85][^86] The statute names neither the American Psychological Association nor the University of Minnesota; the corpus's statement that the board automatically endorses APA-accredited programs was not checked against the board's rules for this portal.[^85][^3] This board and two others received new composition requirements in Laws 2021, First Special Session, chapter 7, article 4 (H.F. 33), signed by Walz on June 29, 2021, when the House was DFL and the Senate Republican.[^87][^72] For the Board of Psychology, "at least two members of the board must reside outside of the seven-county metropolitan area" and at least two must be members of a community of color or "an underrepresented community, defined as a group that is not represented in the majority with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or physical ability."[^88][^89] The seven-member Board of Marriage and Family Therapy, created by Laws 1987, chapter 347, under Governor Rudy Perpich (DFL), and the thirteen-member Board of Behavioral Health and Therapy, created by Laws 2003, chapter 118, under Governor Tim Pawlenty (Republican), received parallel clauses, two and three members respectively.[^90][^91][^92][^9] The same article added continuing-education hours on "understanding the nature of social diversity and oppression" and "understanding cultural humility" for psychologists, marriage and family therapists and licensed counselors, effective July 1, 2023, and a four-hour "cultural responsiveness" requirement for social workers from July 1, 2021.[^93][^94] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota Board of Psychology]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ## Part III — The courts' professions Lawyers are the one profession in this portal that no chapter 214 board licenses. Section 481.01 vests the qualifications of applicants in the Supreme Court's rules, and the court's Rules for Admission to the Bar, effective August 18, 1998 and amended through September 1, 2026, and its Rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility create the boards that examine and discipline.[^19][^95][^20] Three articles treat the court's role, its examining board and its discipline board; a fourth treats the voluntary bar association that the corpus counts among the regime's associations.[^96][^97][^98] ### Minnesota Supreme Court The [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] regulates lawyers under a statute that gives it the rule and the appointment. Section 481.01 provides that the court "shall, by rule from time to time, prescribe the qualifications of all applicants for admission to practice law in this state, and shall appoint a Board of Law Examiners", that the board "shall hold examinations and report the result of them, with its recommendations, to the supreme court", and that "the supreme court shall enter an order in the case of each person examined, directing the board to reject or to issue to the person a certificate of admission".[^19] Examination fees go to a special fund "appropriated annually to the supreme court for the payment of compensation and expenses of the members of the Board of Law Examiners and for otherwise regulating the practice of law."[^99] The section's history runs from the Revised Laws of 1905 through Laws 2009, chapter 101.[^100] The court's rules do the rest. The Rules for Admission to the Bar are listed among the Revisor's professional rules, and the Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board's account of the system states that "The Minnesota Supreme Court (Court) regulates lawyers in Minnesota by licensing them and ensuring their activities conform to the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct (MRPC)", and that "All public discipline is issued by the Minnesota Supreme Court."[^95][^20][^101] In 2024 the court created an Alternative Pathways Committee by order of March 12, 2024, and in 2026 it opened a comment period on a curricular pathway to admission; in September 2026 the examining board filed a passing-score recommendation with the court.[^102] The court's rulemaking over the bar is the one gate in this portal kept by the judicial branch rather than by a gubernatorial board.[^19] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] _Connects to:_ [[Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota)]] · [[Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board]] · [[Minnesota State Bar Association]] ### Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota) The [[Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota)]] is, under Rule 3 of the admission rules, a board of nine: "Seven of the members shall be lawyers having their principal office in this state and two shall be non-lawyer public members, each appointed by the Court for a term of three years".[^96] The statute allows between three and seven attorneys; the rule's composition, amended most recently effective September 1, 2026, adds the two public seats.[^19][^103] The board may "secure examination questions and other testing instruments that the Board finds valid and reliable", set a passing score, investigate applicants' backgrounds and "recommend to the Court the admission and licensure of applicants"; its meetings are open except when it considers examination materials, applicant information or personnel.[^104][^105] Rule 4 sets the qualifications. An applicant must prove age, "Good character and fitness as defined by these Rules", and one of three educational routes: "Graduation with a J.D. or LL.B. degree from a law school that is provisionally or fully approved by the American Bar Association"; a bachelor's degree, a J.D. or equivalent, and sixty months of licensed practice in the previous eighty-four; or ten years of licensure elsewhere.[^106] The applicant needs a passing score on the written examination or qualification by one of the admission-on-motion rules, and "A scaled score of 85 or higher on the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE)".[^107] The law school's part is documentary: a form "signed by the dean or other authorized person" stating that the degree has been conferred or will be within 120 days.[^108] The rule names no law school; it names the American Bar Association's approval. The board's site describes admission "either by bar examination or by years of practice", lists the Uniform Bar Exam and the NextGen examination, and records that the Supreme Court sought a lawyer member in September 2026.[^102][^109] A Bar Admissions Advisory Council of representatives of the Minnesota State Bar Association and of each Minnesota law school consults with the board on policy and meets jointly with it at least once a year.[^110] _Main article:_ [[Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota)]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] · [[Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board]] · [[Minnesota State Bar Association]] · [[North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC]] ### Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board The [[Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board]] is one of three entities the court's Rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility create "to help the Court hold lawyers accountable", with the Director of the Office of Lawyers Professional Responsibility and the district ethics committees.[^20] Under Rule 4, "The LPRB consists of 23 members, 14 lawyers and 9 nonlawyer public member, each of whom is appointed by the Court", serving without compensation; it administers the procedural rules, sets policy for the discipline system and reviews appeals, but "does not investigate allegations of attorney misconduct and does not make recommendations for discipline to the Court."[^97] The district committees are volunteers; "public members (non-lawyers) fill at least 20 percent of DEC seats".[^111] The office investigates and, "where there is clear and convincing evidence of a rule violation, pursues attorney discipline"; private admonitions and probation are reserved for isolated, nonserious misconduct, and public discipline runs from reprimand to disbarment.[^101] By the board's account, "The Court disciplines between 30-40 lawyers annually. Around 100-120 lawyers receive private discipline annually."[^101] Public discipline begins with a panel's finding of reasonable cause, a petition filed with the Supreme Court, a referee's evidentiary hearing, and the court's decision; "All discipline proceedings before the Minnesota Supreme Court are open to the public".[^112] The board's page records an order of September 30, 2026 promulgating amendments to the rules.[^113] The board's public share, nine of twenty-three, is larger than that of any chapter 214 board read for this portal.[^97][^16] _Main article:_ [[Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board]] _Connects to:_ [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] · [[Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota)]] · [[Minnesota State Bar Association]] ### Minnesota State Bar Association The [[Minnesota State Bar Association]] is a voluntary membership organization, not a licensing body. Its site describes an association that "promotes the highest standards of excellence and inclusion within the legal profession, provides valued resources to its members, and strives to improve the law and the equal administration of justice for all", reports 15,000 members, 21 district bars and 333 continuing-legal-education programs for 2025–2026, and lists advocacy and policy work "including lobbying at the Legislature".[^98] Membership is by joining; the site invites nonmembers to "Start accessing all the benefits membership provides."[^98] Its formal place in admission is advisory. Rule 19 of the admission rules creates a Bar Admissions Advisory Council of representatives of the association and of each Minnesota law school, which consults with the Board of Law Examiners on general policy and rule amendments and meets jointly with the board at least once a year; members serve three-year terms without compensation.[^110] The corpus lists the association among twenty-five organizations with formal ties to the University, citing a law review founded in 1917, continuing legal education and seats on the advisory council beside the University's law school.[^15] The record read here confirms the council seat and the continuing-education catalog; it does not show the association licensing, examining or disciplining anyone, functions the court's rules keep for the court's own boards.[^110][^20][^98] _Main article:_ [[Minnesota State Bar Association]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] · [[Board of Law Examiners (Minnesota)]] · [[Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ## Part IV — Teachers and peace officers The two non-health boards in this part license the state's largest regulated workforces outside health care, and both were restructured in the period the corpus treats as the regime's present: the teacher board was replaced on January 1, 2018 under a DFL governor and a Republican Legislature, and the peace-officer board's public seats were doubled in July 2020 under a DFL governor, a DFL House and a Republican Senate.[^117][^118][^119][^72] Both are chapter 214 boards whose executive directors are hired by the board, and both certify the postsecondary programs their licensees must complete.[^26][^120][^121] ### Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board The [[Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board]] "consists of 13 members appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate", the only board in this portal whose appointments the Senate confirms.[^122] Its composition is prescribed seat by seat: seven teachers currently teaching, including a charter-school teacher, two from the metropolitan area, two from outside it, a related-services teacher and a special-education teacher; two teachers in a board-approved preparation program; a superintendent; a special-education administrator; a principal; and "one member of the public that may be a current or former school board member."[^123] The board "must license teachers" and "must not delegate its authority to make all licensing decisions", and "must approve teacher preparation providers seeking to prepare applicants for teacher licensure in Minnesota."[^120] It issues four tiers of license, initiates fingerprint-based background studies of first-time applicants, and must adopt rules by which an applicant may obtain a Tier 3 license "via portfolio".[^124][^125][^126] Its administrative support comes from the Department of Administration rather than Commerce, and members receive a stipend of up to $4,800 a year.[^127][^128] The board is a creature of 2017. Its own site states, "On January 1, 2018, the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board replaced the Board of Teaching."[^117] The replacement came in Laws 2017, First Special Session, chapter 5 (H.F. 2), the omnibus education finance bill, which passed the Republican House 79–54 on May 23, was repassed as amended by the Senate 76–54 and passed the Republican Senate 34–28 on May 25, 2017 and was signed by Governor Mark Dayton (DFL) on May 30; article 12 of that act rewrote §§ 122A.07 and 122A.09 and amended § 214.04 and § 214.12.[^118][^72][^129][^130] The chapter's fifty-hour cap on continuing education "shall not apply to the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board", and the board's rules must yield to statute: "If a rule adopted by the board is in conflict with a session law or statute, the law or statute prevails."[^33][^131] Laws 2023, chapter 55, under Walz with DFL majorities, enlarged the board from eleven members to thirteen, keeping the single public seat.[^129] The corpus describes the board's approval of the University's and the state colleges' preparation programs as a system dependency; the statute's own terms are that the board approves providers and the Legislature writes the tiers.[^3][^120][^124] _Main article:_ [[Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ### Peace Officer Standards and Training Board The [[Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]] descends from a board created by Laws 1967, chapter 870, under Governor LeVander, and was placed under chapter 214 by Laws 1977, chapter 433, under Governor Perpich, the act whose purposes § 626.843 still cites.[^132][^133][^23][^9] It is now "composed of the following 17 members": two sheriffs, four municipal officers including two chiefs, two other officers including a State Patrol Association member, the superintendent of the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, two peace-officer educators, a college administrator and a small-city elected official, and "four members appointed by the governor from among the general public."[^134] The 2018 text had fifteen members and two public members; the change to seventeen and four came in Laws 2020, Second Special Session, chapter 1 (H.F. 1), whose first House author was Representative Carlos Mariani (DFL) and whose Senate author was Senator Warren Limmer (Republican), passed 102–29 and 60–7 and signed by Walz on July 23, 2020.[^135][^119][^136][^137] The board certifies schools and licenses officers. It "shall adopt rules with respect to" the certification of postsecondary schools, minimum courses, minimum standards of "physical, mental, and educational fitness", continuing education and standards of conduct, and it has the power "to license peace officers who have met the education and experience requirements and passed examinations as required by the board".[^138][^121] Its executive director serves in the unclassified service at the board's pleasure, and it reports to the Attorney General and biennially to the governor.[^139] A certified school is a postsecondary institution "accredited by one of the six regional accrediting associations", and its program must cover nine subject areas, from the history of the criminal justice system to "cultural awareness and response to crime victims".[^140][^141] The board, "in consultation with the Minnesota Chiefs of Police Association, Minnesota Sheriffs' Association, and Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association", keeps a central repository of peace officer data.[^142] Laws 2023, chapter 52, under Walz with DFL majorities, required rules by January 1, 2024 permitting discipline for a conduct violation "whether or not criminal charges have been filed"; the board may revoke a license for "a violation of the standards of conduct set forth in Minnesota Rules, chapter 6700".[^143][^144][^72] Hiring standards are the employing agency's to document. Rule 6700.0700 requires that an applicant have passed a psychological screening meeting the requirements of part 6700.0675, and that rule requires a screening after a conditional offer, "conducted only by a psychologist licensed in Minnesota or the state in which the psychologist practices", including "a written psychological test battery relevant to the responsibilities of a peace officer", an interview and a written report; it names no instrument.[^145][^13] Complaints against officers follow their own path under § 214.10: the executive director may order a law enforcement agency to inquire, and a committee of at least four board members, three of them peace officers and one from the public, decides whether reasonable grounds exist.[^146][^147] _Main article:_ [[Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minn. Stat. ch. 214]] · [[Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board]] · [[Minnesota Board of Psychology]] · [[Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ## Part V — Accreditation and the University The corpus's structural claim is that the University of Minnesota operates the only accredited in-state program for medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine, so that each board depends on one school.[^1][^3] The three articles here test that claim against what the statutes say, what the accreditors list and what the University's own pages say. The licensing statutes name national accreditors or leave approval to the board; one names the University's pharmacy college beside other schools in good standing; one gives University employees an institutional license; and the medical accreditor lists two Minnesota schools.[^51][^58][^21][^22][^10] The corpus's characterization of the University's founding rests on the [[TRUTH Report]], a vault page this portal does not re-examine.[^2] ### Liaison Committee on Medical Education The [[Liaison Committee on Medical Education]] is the body the medical statute presupposes when it requires a school "approved by the board based upon its faculty, curriculum, facilities, accreditation by a recognized national accrediting organization approved by the board".[^51] Its directory describes itself as recognized by the United States Department of Education and the World Federation for Medical Education "as the authority for the accreditation of medical education programs leading to the MD degree."[^148] Under Minnesota the directory lists two programs with full accreditation: the University of Minnesota Medical School in Minneapolis, accredited on or before the committee's founding in 1942 with its next survey in 2027–28, and the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine in Rochester, first accredited in 1972 with its next survey in 2026–27.[^10] The Mayo school's own site describes "One school, three world-class university campuses" in Rochester, Phoenix and Jacksonville, reports commencements in May 2026 at all three, and lists its institutional accreditation by the Higher Learning Commission.[^149][^150][^151] The record therefore does not support the corpus's statement that the University operates the only accredited in-state medical program; it supports two, one public and one private.[^10][^1] For the other three professions the accreditors are the Commission on Dental Accreditation, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education and the AVMA Council on Education, each named in statute or in the 2026 veterinary act; the AVMA's directory refused the retrieval made for this portal, and the ACPE directory retrieved lists providers generally, so the single-program claims for dentistry and veterinary medicine rest here on the schools' own statements and on the University's 2024 testimony.[^58][^66][^73][^152][^68][^63][^77] _Main article:_ [[Liaison Committee on Medical Education]] (new) _Connects to:_ [[Minnesota Board of Medical Practice]] · [[University of Minnesota]] ### University of Minnesota The [[University of Minnesota]] appears in the licensing statutes in four places read for this portal. Section 151.10 names "the College of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota" as one qualifying school beside any other "in good standing of which the board shall be the judge".[^21] Section 156.0721 provides the institutional veterinary license for "Any person who seeks to practice veterinary medicine while employed by the University of Minnesota and who is not eligible for a regular license", and allows the University to submit its employees' applications "in a compiled format acceptable to the board".[^22][^153] Section 156.12 exempts University employees holding that license who work in "the College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Extension Service, Medical School, School of Public Health, School of Nursing, or other unit within the university".[^78] Section 150A.06 makes a University dental resident eligible for medical assistance enrollment.[^60] The medical, psychology, teacher and peace-officer statutes do not name it.[^51][^85][^120][^121] The corpus adds a fifth link: the personality inventory the University owns, which it says the peace-officer screening runs through. The University's research office reported on November 17, 2020 that the University of Minnesota Press had announced earlier that month the release of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–3, "the first full revision of the assessment in over 30 years", published by the University of Minnesota Press and distributed by Pearson; the release says the test is used, among other things, "to help identify high-risk employment candidates in public safety settings", traces it to 1943, and credits its development to Yossef Ben-Porath of Kent State University and Auke Tellegen, a University professor emeritus, both trained at the University.[^154][^155][^156] The screening rule requires "a written psychological test battery" chosen under criteria "established by the law enforcement agency" and names no test; which instruments Minnesota agencies use is not in the record read.[^13] The University's own statements record that its dental school is "the state’s only dental school", that its pharmacy program is accredited through 2032 and its veterinary college fully accredited, and that it graduates about 120 veterinarians a year.[^63][^67][^82][^77] _Main article:_ [[University of Minnesota]] _Connects to:_ [[Minnesota Board of Medical Practice]] · [[Minnesota Board of Dentistry]] · [[Minnesota Board of Pharmacy]] · [[Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine]] · [[Minnesota Board of Psychology]] · [[Peace Officer Standards and Training Board]] · [[Liaison Committee on Medical Education]] · [[Minnesota State Bar Association]] · [[Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board]] · [[TRUTH Report]] ## Two readings The two readings below are the strongest forms of the positions the record supports; this portal adopts neither. **Reading one: a profession-kept gate, written into law by both parties.** On this reading the record shows what the corpus says it shows, minus the University monopoly the corpus asserts. The Legislature declared in 1976 that occupational standards are best set by "boards composed primarily of members of the occupations so regulated", and every board in this portal obeys that policy: eleven physicians of sixteen, six pharmacists of nine, seven dentists and allied practitioners of nine, eight psychologists of eleven, seven lawyers of nine on the examining board, twelve educators of thirteen, thirteen non-public members of seventeen.[^7][^16][^44][^43][^46][^96][^123][^134] Professional associations have statutory and rule-based places in choosing the members, from the dental associations' nominating lists to the bar association's advisory council.[^47][^49][^110] The 2015 Supreme Court decision names the risk in such boards and makes immunity turn on supervision that must review "the substance of the anticompetitive decision".[^14][^39] Both parties built it. A DFL governor and Liberal-caucus majorities, elected on nonpartisan ballots, wrote chapter 214 and its policy; a Republican Legislature and a DFL governor rebuilt the teacher board in 2017 as an eleven-member body with one public member, and a DFL Legislature and governor enlarged it to thirteen in 2023 without adding a public seat; a divided Legislature and a DFL governor added identity-based seat requirements to three health boards in 2021; a DFL Legislature and governor gave the University an institutional veterinary license in 2024; and in 2026 a tied House, a DFL Senate and a DFL governor enlarged the veterinary board without changing its practitioner majority.[^9][^72][^118][^123][^88][^74][^70] The pharmacy statute names the University's college and the dental statute makes a University resident eligible for public payment; the peace-officer screening is left to psychologists and agencies, and the University's press announced that the inventory it publishes is used to screen public-safety candidates.[^21][^60][^13][^155] **Reading two: ordinary occupational regulation, publicly appointed, publicly lawyered and repeatedly opened.** On this reading the same statutes describe a system with the state's hand on every lever. The governor appoints the members of every chapter 214 board, with the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension's superintendent sitting ex officio on one, and may demand a review of a health board's director; the Senate confirms the teacher board; the Supreme Court appoints the lawyers' boards and puts public members on both.[^16][^27][^122][^96][^97] Investigation and prosecution belong to the Attorney General's employees, not to the board; no complaint may be dismissed without two members' review, health boards must resolve complaints within a year, members with a financial or professional connection may not vote, and sexual-misconduct complaints may not be settled by education or conciliation.[^17][^28][^29][^30][^157] The gates have alternatives written into them: foreign dental graduates may be examined, nonaccredited graduates receive a supervised license, foreign pharmacy graduates may sit the examination, foreign veterinarians use ECFVG or PAVE certificates, lawyers may be admitted on years of practice or a transferred score, and the court is studying a curricular pathway.[^58][^62][^65][^48][^106][^102] Membership has been widened rather than narrowed: two public seats on the peace-officer board became four in 2020; the lawyers' discipline board is nine public of twenty-three; the veterinary board gained a technician's seat in 2026.[^135][^119][^97][^71] And the medical gate is not single: two Minnesota medical schools hold full accreditation.[^10] On this reading both parties fall short of their own claims. The Republican Legislature of 2017 that rewrote the teacher board kept a single public member; the divided Legislature of 2021, with a DFL House and a Republican Senate, wrote race, ethnicity, sexual orientation and gender identity into the qualifications for seats on three boards; and no decision applying the 2015 test to a Minnesota board appears in the record read.[^123][^88][^72][^39] **What both readings foreclose.** Both rest on the same statutes, rules, session laws and the one federal decision. Neither is supported by the claims that the University operates the only accredited in-state medical school, that § 156.12 still creates a license class for University clinicians (its subdivision 6, which did so, was repealed effective July 1, 2025, and the class now sits in § 156.0721), that § 150A.06 gives the University's dean a power the statute gives to the dean of any dental education program, that the Board of Medical Practice now sits on University Avenue, or that any statute or rule names the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory as the peace-officer screening instrument.[^10][^11][^12][^50][^13] ## Timeline | Date | Event | |---|---| | 1905 | Revised Laws § 2278, the Board of Law Examiners under the Supreme Court; § 2295, the medical board[^100][^56] | | 1937 | Laws 1937, ch. 354, the Board of Pharmacy; ch. 119, the Board of Veterinary Medicine (Benson, Farmer-Labor)[^64][^158][^9] | | 1943 | First version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory published by the University of Minnesota Press[^156] | | 1967 | Laws 1967, ch. 870, a peace officer training board; Laws 1967, Extra Session, ch. 25, the teacher board's membership section (LeVander, R)[^132][^129][^9] | | 1969 | Laws 1969, ch. 974, the Board of Dentistry's present section (LeVander)[^57] | | 1972 | Mayo's medical school first accredited by the LCME[^10] | | 1973 | Laws 1973, ch. 638, chapter 214: boards defined, "Public member" defined (W. Anderson, DFL)[^23][^8][^9] | | 1976 | Laws 1976, ch. 222, the policy section § 214.001 and the continuing-education cap (W. Anderson)[^25][^33] | | 1977 | Laws 1977, ch. 433, the Peace Officer Standards and Training Board (Perpich, DFL)[^132][^133][^9] | | 1987 | Laws 1987, ch. 347, the Board of Marriage and Family Therapy (Perpich)[^91] | | 1993 | Laws 1993, 1st Sp. Sess., ch. 1, art. 9, § 214.103, health-board complaint procedure (Carlson, IR)[^159][^9] | | 1996 | Laws 1996, ch. 424, the psychology licensure statute § 148.907 (Carlson)[^160] | | August 18, 1998 | Rules for Admission to the Bar take effect[^95] | | 2001 | Laws 2001, ch. 161, the Council of Health Boards (Ventura, Reform)[^161][^9] | | 2003 | Laws 2003, ch. 118, the Board of Behavioral Health and Therapy (Pawlenty, R)[^92][^9] | | February 25, 2015 | *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC* decided, 6–3[^6][^14] | | May 30, 2017 | Laws 2017, 1st Sp. Sess., ch. 5, signed; the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board replaces the Board of Teaching on January 1, 2018 (Dayton, DFL)[^118][^117] | | July 23, 2020 | Laws 2020, 2nd Sp. Sess., ch. 1: POST Board to 17 members, four from the public (Walz, DFL)[^119][^134] | | November 2020 | University of Minnesota Press releases the MMPI-3; the University's research office reports it November 17[^154] | | June 29, 2021 | Laws 2021, 1st Sp. Sess., ch. 7, art. 4: residence and community-membership requirements for three behavioral boards (Walz)[^87][^88] | | June 1, 2023 | New peace-officer selection and psychological-screening rules apply[^145][^13] | | March 12, 2024 | Supreme Court order creating the Alternative Pathways Committee[^102] | | May 24, 2024 | Laws 2024, ch. 127, art. 20: veterinary institutional license § 156.0721 enacted, and § 156.12, subd. 6 repealed, both effective July 1, 2025 (Walz)[^76][^74][^11] | | April 29, 2026 | Laws 2026, ch. 53: Board of Veterinary Medicine to nine members (Walz)[^70][^71] | | September 1, 2026 | Amendments to Rules 3 and 4 for admission to the bar take effect[^103][^162] | | September 30, 2026 | Order promulgating amendments to the Rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility[^113] | ## Corpus claims checked The corpus for this regime consists of the *Ten Regimes, One Machine* essays and the three nexus documents in the regime's folder, compiled April 10, 2026, which catalog boards and associations with ties to the University and the state colleges.[^1][^2][^4][^3][^15][^5] Each claim is set beside what the record read for this portal shows. | Claim, as the corpus states it | What the record shows | Sources | |---|---|---| | Minnesota operates sixteen health-related licensing boards under chapter 214, plus non-health boards | § 214.01, subd. 2 lists sixteen boards and one office, the Office of Unlicensed Complementary and Alternative Health Care Practice; subd. 3 lists eight non-health boards. The Board of Law Examiners is not among them; it is appointed by the Supreme Court under § 481.01 | [^1][^23][^24][^19] | | The University operates the only accredited in-state program for medicine | The LCME directory lists two fully accredited Minnesota programs: the University of Minnesota Medical School (accredited on or before 1942) and the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester (1972). The nexus document's own entry for the board describes the University's as the state's only public medical school | [^1][^3][^10][^149] | | The University operates the only accredited in-state program for dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine | The dental school calls itself the state's only dental school; the University's 2024 testimony says it is the only veterinary college in Minnesota; the pharmacy page does not address the question; the ACPE lookup retrieved was not filtered for Minnesota and the AVMA directory refused retrieval. Each statute admits graduates of other accredited, approved or foreign schools | [^3][^63][^77][^67][^68][^152][^58][^21][^48] | | § 150A.06 authorizes the dean of the University's School of Dentistry to certify faculty for practice directly to the board | The statute reads "The dean of a dental education program and program directors" of accredited hygiene and assisting programs "shall certify to the board" unlicensed faculty; the faculty member must then apply for a limited or full faculty license. The University is named only in the clause on residents' medical-assistance eligibility | [^1][^3][^12][^59][^60] | | § 156.12 creates a license class that exists exclusively for University Veterinary Medical Center faculty | True of the statute as it stood until July 1, 2025: § 156.12, subd. 6, provided a faculty Veterinary Medical Center clinician license for the University. Laws 2024, ch. 127, art. 20, § 12, repealed it, effective July 1, 2025, and § 6 enacted § 156.0721, an institutional license for University employees from nonaccredited colleges, cancelled when they leave | [^1][^2][^163][^11][^74][^22][^75] | | The Board of Psychology automatically endorses APA-accredited doctoral programs, both of Minnesota's being the University's | § 148.907 requires a doctorate "from a regionally accredited educational institution meeting the standards the board has established by rule"; the statute names neither the APA nor the University. The board's rules were not read | [^1][^3][^85] | | The Board of Medical Practice sits in a building on University Avenue, within the University's campus footprint | The Secretary of State's record gives the board's address as 335 Randolph Avenue, Suite 140, St. Paul; whether the board formerly occupied the University Park Plaza address the corpus gives was not checked | [^1][^3][^50] | | POST screening of every peace officer runs through the personality instrument the University owns | Minn. R. 6700.0675 requires a screening by a licensed psychologist with "a written psychological test battery" under agency criteria; no rule or statute read names the MMPI. The University's release says the MMPI-3 is used to identify high-risk candidates in public safety settings | [^1][^13][^145][^155] | | Twenty-three boards and twenty-five associations have formal ties to the University and the state colleges | The corpus's own catalog. In the statutes read, associations' formal roles are nominating lists to the governor (medicine, dentistry; veterinary medicine until 2026) and a seat on the bar's advisory council; the chapter 214 boards number twenty-four | [^3][^15][^5][^49][^47][^110][^23][^24] | | The gate performs ideological and doctrinal screening at accreditation, curriculum and licensure | No document read sets out such screening. The statutory criteria are degrees from accredited or approved programs, national examinations, supervised experience, good moral character and conduct; the 2021 act added cultural-competence continuing education and seat requirements for three behavioral boards | [^1][^51][^85][^106][^88][^93] | | Licensing boards are functionally dependent on the University and an Attorney General faces institutional headwinds in acting against it | The Attorney General's statutory role toward the boards is as their lawyer and investigator under §§ 214.04 and 214.10; nothing read bears on prosecution of the University | [^3][^5][^17][^28] | ## Other portals The ten At Issue regimes each have a portal; the others are [[Portal - Affirmative Action Regime]] · [[Portal - Climate Regime]] · [[Portal - Community Action Programs Regime]] · [[Portal - Feminism Regime]] · [[Portal - Metropolitan Council Regime]] · [[Portal - New Minnesotans Regime]] · [[Portal - One Minnesota Regime]] · [[Portal - PELRA Regime]] · [[Portal - University of Minnesota Regime]]. The University of Minnesota portal shares this portal's accreditation and University articles, and the PELRA portal shares its public-employee unions.[^1][^15] ## See also - [[How Minnesota Got Here]] · [[University of Minnesota]] - [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] · [[Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board]] · [[Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association]] · [[TRUTH Report]] ## Notes [^1]: Minnesota record, *Ten Regimes, One Machine*, Essay I (5,000-word steelman, drafted June 12, 2026), § III, "The Gate — Professional Association Regime" — sixteen health boards under chapter 214; a catalog of twenty-three boards and twenty-five associations; a monopoly claim for four professions; § 150A.06 and § 156.12; the Board of Psychology, the Board of Medical Practice's building and the POST Board's screening. [^2]: Minnesota record, *Ten Regimes, One Machine*, Essay II (850-word positioning piece, June 2026) — the paragraph on the gate making the mint mandatory: the University as sole accredited program for four professions, the dental dean's certification and a veterinary license class for University clinicians; the opening paragraph's use of the TRUTH Report. [^3]: Minnesota record, *Professional Licensing Boards Associated with the University of Minnesota & Minnesota State System* (regime folder; compiled April 10, 2026) — a catalog of seventeen health and six non-health boards; the monopoly claim for medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine; the University Park Plaza address; the closing section on why no Attorney General has prosecuted. [^4]: Minnesota record, *Ten Regimes, One Machine*, Essay III (killshots, June 2026) — the one-line claim for the Professional Association Regime: four professions, one factory, sourced to the project's nexus catalog, § 150A.06 and § 156.12. [^5]: Minnesota record, *MN Licensing Boards and Professional Associations — Consolidated Nexus* (regime folder; April 10, 2026) — the combined catalog of forty-eight entities, its summary table and its section on the relevance of the boards' dependency to the question of prosecution. [^6]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, No. 13-534, 574 U.S. ___ (Feb. 25, 2015), syllabus — a board of eight with six practising dentists; at least forty-seven cease-and-desist letters to nondentist teeth whiteners after dentists complained of lower prices; the FTC's complaint, the ALJ's rulings and the Fourth Circuit's affirmance. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^7]: Minn. Stat. § 214.001, subd. 1 (2025), policy — legislative findings that regulation of certain occupations serves the people; that standards are best set by boards composed primarily of members of the regulated occupations; and that investigative and prosecutorial functions should be separated from the board's judicial responsibility. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=214.001 [^8]: Minn. Stat. § 214.02 (2026), public member defined — a person who is not and never was a member of the regulated occupation or its spouse, and who has no material financial interest in the service regulated; history 1973 c 638 s 61. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.02 [^9]: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, "Minnesota Governors" — dates of taking office and party labels: Benson (Farmer-Labor) 1937; LeVander (Republican) 1967; W. Anderson (DFL) 1971; Perpich (DFL) 1976 and 1983; Quie and Carlson (Independent-Republican) 1979 and 1991; Ventura (Reform) 1999; Pawlenty (Republican) 2003; Dayton (DFL) 2011; Walz (DFL) 2019. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/lrl/mngov/gov.aspx [^10]: Liaison Committee on Medical Education, "Accredited U.S. Programs" directory — Minnesota entries: Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, next survey 2026–27, full accreditation, initial year 1972; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, next survey 2027–28, full accreditation, accredited on or prior to 1942. https://lcme.org/directory/accredited-u-s-programs/ [^11]: Laws of Minnesota 2024, ch. 127, art. 20, § 12, repealer — Minnesota Statutes 2022, § 156.12, subd. 6, is repealed effective July 1, 2025; the chapter's title lists the repeal of § 156.12, subd. 6, among its repealed sections. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/127/ [^12]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.06, subd. 1a(a) (2026), faculty dentists — faculty must be licensed to practise dentistry; the dean of a dental education program and program directors of accredited hygiene and assisting programs certify unlicensed practising faculty to the board; the faculty member applies for a limited or full faculty license. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.06 [^13]: Minn. R. 6700.0675 (2023), psychological screening — after a conditional offer, by a licensed psychologist only; a written psychological test battery relevant to the officer's responsibilities and the agency's criteria; an interview; an evaluation of discriminatory conduct; a written report; ADA conformity; one-year validity; statutory authority § 626.843; history 47 SR 1120. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/6700/full [^14]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, holding and lineup — a state board on which a controlling number of decisionmakers are active market participants in the regulated occupation must satisfy the active-supervision requirement to invoke immunity; Kennedy, J., for the Court, joined by Roberts, C.J., and Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor and Kagan, JJ. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^15]: Minnesota record, *Professional Associations Associated with the University of Minnesota & Minnesota State System* (regime folder; April 10, 2026) — twenty-five associations, unions and trade groups, including the Minnesota State Bar Association, Education Minnesota and the Minnesota Medical Association, with the ties the file asserts to the University and the state colleges. [^16]: Minn. Stat. § 147.01, subd. 1 (2026), Board of Medical Practice — sixteen residents appointed by the governor; eleven licensed physicians; five public members; geographic rules by congressional district; eight-year consecutive limit; chapter 214 governs terms, staff and complaints. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.01 [^17]: Minn. Stat. § 214.04, subd. 1 (2026), services — the commissioners of health and commerce provide office and support services to the health and non-health boards; investigative and legal services are provided by employees of the Attorney General assigned to the servicing departments. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.04 [^18]: Minn. Stat. § 214.07 (2026), reports — non-health boards report to the governor by October 1 of even-numbered years with membership, finances, rules, licensees and complaints; health boards report by October 15 to the administrative services unit, which reports to the governor and legislative chairs. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.07 [^19]: Minn. Stat. § 481.01 (2026), Board of Law Examiners — the Supreme Court prescribes by rule the qualifications of applicants, appoints a board of three to seven attorneys for three-year terms, may remove members, receives the board's examination reports and orders each applicant's rejection or certificate of admission. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/481.01 [^20]: Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board, "Discipline System & Process" — the Supreme Court regulates lawyers by licensing them and enforcing the Rules of Professional Conduct; the Rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility create the Director's office, the Board and the district ethics committees. https://lprb.mncourts.gov/about/the-discipline-process/ [^21]: Minn. Stat. § 151.10, subd. 1 (2026), qualifications of applicants — good moral character, age eighteen, graduation from the College of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota or from a college or school of pharmacy in good standing of which the board is the judge, and completion of internship requirements. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/151.10 [^22]: Minn. Stat. § 156.0721, subd. 1(a) (2026), institutional licensure, application and eligibility — a person employed by the University of Minnesota and not eligible for a regular license; a degree from a nonaccredited college; the Minnesota jurisprudence examination; five reference letters; proof of employment; certification that the license is valid only for practice associated with that employment. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.0721 [^23]: Minn. Stat. § 214.01, subd. 2 (2026), definition of health-related licensing board — sixteen boards from Executives for Long Term Services and Supports to Veterinary Medicine, and the Office of Unlicensed Complementary and Alternative Health Care Practice; history beginning 1973 c 638 s 63. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.01 [^24]: Minn. Stat. § 214.01, subd. 3 (2026), definition of non-health-related licensing board — the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board, Barber Examiners, Cosmetology, Assessors, the architecture and engineering board, Private Detective and Protective Agent, Accountancy and Peace Officer Standards and Training. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.01 [^25]: Minn. Stat. § 214.001, subds. 2–3 (2025) — no regulation unless required for safety and well-being; four factors; four modes of regulation in order, with licensing last; history beginning 1976 c 222 s 1. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=214.001 [^26]: Minn. Stat. § 214.04, subd. 3 (2026), officers and staff — the executive director is the board's chief administrative officer but not a member; directors of fifteen listed boards, including Dentistry, Medical Practice, Pharmacy, Teaching and Peace Officer Standards and Training, are hired by the board in the unclassified service. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.04 [^27]: Minn. Stat. § 214.04, subd. 2a (2026), performance of executive directors — the governor may request that a health board review its executive director's performance; the board must respond with an improvement plan or corrective action and report to the governor. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.04 [^28]: Minn. Stat. § 214.10, subd. 1 (2026), receipt of complaint — a complaint is forwarded to the Attorney General's designee for the board; no complaint within the board's jurisdiction may be dismissed unless at least two board members have reviewed it; notice to the licensee under investigation. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.10 [^29]: Minn. Stat. § 214.103, subd. 1a (2026; added by 2012 c 278 art 4 s 2), notifications and resolution — complainant notified within fourteen days, licensee within sixty, status every 120 days; the board must resolve or dismiss within one year unless it determines that it cannot and that delay is in the public interest. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.103 [^30]: Minn. Stat. § 214.103, subds. 8 and 10 (2026) — dismissal requires two board members' concurrence and, on request, Attorney General review; listed categories must be reviewed before dismissal; a member with actual bias or a direct financial or professional connection may not vote. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.103 [^31]: Minn. Stat. § 214.07, subds. 1b–2 (2026), health-related board reports — each health board reports by October 15 of even-numbered years to the administrative services unit on credentials, complaints, receipts and trends; the unit's consolidated report goes to the governor, the commissioner of health, the legislative chairs and the Legislative Reference Library by December 15. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.07 [^32]: Minn. Stat. § 214.04, subd. 4 (2026), joint rulemaking — two or more health-related licensing boards, or two or more non-health-related licensing boards, may hold joint rulemaking proceedings on proposed rules relating to similar subject matters. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.04 [^33]: Minn. Stat. § 214.12, subd. 1 (2026), continuing education — boards may require continuing education for renewal, not exceeding an average of fifty clock hours a year, effective from January 1, 1977; the cap does not apply to the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board; history 1976 c 222 s 7. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.12 [^34]: Minn. Stat. § 214.12, subds. 3–5 (2026) — the Boards of Medical Practice and Nursing must require education on fetal alcohol syndrome for listed practitioners; health boards serving caregivers at risk of depression must provide materials on parental depression; health boards must post information on the health professionals services program. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.12 [^35]: Minn. Stat. § 214.31 (2026), health professionals services program — two or more health boards may jointly run a program for licensees unable to practise with reasonable skill and safety by reason of illness or substance use; history 1994 c 556 s 2, amended 2024. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.31 [^36]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, opinion of the Court, Part I — the board's investigation led by a dentist member without the hygienist or consumer member; letters from 2006; the FTC's administrative complaint, the board's motion to dismiss on state-action immunity, and the Commission's "public/private hybrid" reasoning. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^37]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, dissent — Alito, J., dissenting, joined by Scalia and Thomas, JJ.; the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, 717 F.3d 359, affirmed. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^38]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, opinion of the Court, Part III-A — limits on immunity most essential where a state delegates regulatory power to active market participants, because ethical standards may blend with private anticompetitive motives in ways difficult for the participants themselves to discern. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^39]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, opinion of the Court, Part IV — the active-supervision inquiry is flexible and context-dependent; the supervisor must review the substance of the decision, have power to veto or modify it, and the mere potential for supervision is not a substitute for a decision by the State. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^40]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, syllabus, part (b)(2) — municipalities, which are electorally accountable, have general regulatory powers and no private price-fixing agenda, are subject only to the clear-articulation requirement, under *Town of Hallie v. Eau Claire*; the reasoning confirms the supervision rule for actors controlled by active market participants. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^41]: *North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC*, opinion of the Court, Part III-D — the State's argument that the ruling will discourage citizens from serving on boards; the Court's response that states may provide for the defense and indemnification of agency members; the question of individual immunity from damages left open. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-534 [^42]: Minn. Stat. § 214.10, subd. 2 (2026), investigation and hearing — the Attorney General's designee evaluates and investigates; attempts at correction through education, conference, conciliation and persuasion; contested case hearings under chapter 14; a consulted board member may not vote on the case. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.10 [^43]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.02, subd. 1 (2026), Board of Dentistry — two public members, five dentists, one licensed dental assistant and one dental hygienist appointed by the governor; five years' active practice; two consecutive four-year terms. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.02 [^44]: Minn. Stat. § 151.02 (2026), State Board of Pharmacy — three public members as defined by § 214.02 and six pharmacists actively practising in the state, each with at least five consecutive years of practical experience before appointment. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/151.02 [^45]: Minn. Stat. § 156.01, subd. 1 (2026), State Board of Veterinary Medicine — nine members: two public members, five licensed veterinarians, one licensed veterinary technician and one veterinarian or technician, all appointed by the governor; five years' practice in the state; chapter 214 governs operations. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.01 [^46]: Minn. Stat. § 148.90, subd. 1 (2026), Board of Psychology — eleven members: four licensed psychologists with doctorates, two with master's degrees, two psychologists with doctorates representing different training programs, and three public members; rules for filling master's-level seats as that cohort declines. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.90 [^47]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.02, subd. 1 (2026), association nominations — the Minnesota Dental Association, Minnesota Dental Assistants Association and Minnesota Dental Hygienists' Association recommend not less than two candidates per expiring practitioner term and per vacancy, from which the governor may appoint. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.02 [^48]: Minn. Stat. § 156.02, subds. 1–2 (2026), applicants for license — a diploma from an accredited or approved college of veterinary medicine, an ECFVG or PAVE certificate, or a dean's certificate of expected graduation; application contents; repeal of subd. 3 by 2026 c 53 s 63. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.02 [^49]: Minn. Stat. § 147.01, subd. 2 (2026), recommendations for appointment — the State Medical Association, the Mental Health Association of Minnesota and others may recommend physicians and public members; the osteopathic society may recommend three osteopathic physicians; the governor may appoint from the lists or from other qualified candidates. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.01 [^50]: Minnesota Secretary of State, Boards and Commissions, agency record for the Board of Medical Practice — address 335 Randolph Avenue, Suite 140, St. Paul; authority M.S. 147.01, enabled May 17, 1961; sixteen members appointed by the governor to four-year terms; per diem $75 plus expenses. https://commissionsandappointments.sos.mn.gov/agency/Details/27 [^51]: Minn. Stat. § 147.02, subd. 1(a)–(b) (2026), licensing — application showing good moral character; graduation from a medical or osteopathic school in the United States, its territories or Canada approved by the board on its faculty, curriculum, facilities and accreditation by a recognized national accrediting organization. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.02 [^52]: Minn. Stat. § 147.02, subd. 1(c)–(i) (2026) — passing the USMLE or COMLEX steps within three attempts; one year of accredited graduate clinical training; no suspension or revocation elsewhere; special purpose examination or specialty certification if the examination is more than ten years old. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.02 [^53]: Minn. Stat. § 147.01, subd. 4 (2026), disclosure — communications to the board are confidential; disciplinary action, whether by contested case or settlement, is public data; disciplinary matters are decided by roll call vote and the votes are public. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.01 [^54]: Minn. Stat. § 147.02, subds. 5–6 (2026) — the board must adopt written internal operating procedures for complaints and discipline and must publish at least annually a description of all disciplinary measures with the licensee's name and business address. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.02 [^55]: Minn. Stat. § 147.01, subd. 7 (2026), physician application and license fees — application fee $200; annual registration renewal $192; endorsement to other states $40; emeritus license $50; a nonrenewable 24-month limited license $392; interstate compact fees not to exceed $1,000; revenue to the state government special revenue fund. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.01 [^56]: Minn. Stat. § 147.01 (2026), history line — from RL s 2295 and 1921 c 68 through 1973 c 638, 1976 c 222, 1985 c 247, 1Sp1993 c 1, 2016 c 119, 1Sp2017 c 6, 2022 c 99 and 1Sp2025 c 3 art 3 s 4. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/147.01 [^57]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.02 (2026), history line — 1969 c 974 s 2; 1973 c 638 s 25; 1975 c 136 s 25; 1976 c 222 s 73; 1976 c 239 s 57; 1976 c 263 s 2; 1986 c 444; 1991 c 199; 2009 c 159 s 41; 2017 c 40 art 1 s 38. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.02 [^58]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.06, subd. 1 (2026), dentists — graduation from a program accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation; foreign graduates not disqualified if the board finds the training equivalent; examinations including Minnesota law; licensure on passing. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.06 [^59]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.06, subd. 1a(b)–(c) (2026) — a limited faculty license permits practice within the program and its teaching facilities only for teaching or research; a full faculty license permits practice elsewhere for faculty employed half time or more, on board review of qualifications. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.06 [^60]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.06, subd. 1b (2026), resident dentists — enrolled graduate students obtain a resident dentist license to practise under supervision; a University of Minnesota School of Dentistry resident holding one is eligible for medical assistance enrollment under § 256B.0625, subd. 9b. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.06 [^61]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.06, subd. 1c (2026), specialty dentists — specialty licenses in areas recognized by the National Commission on Recognition of Dental Specialties and Certifying Board; requirements include an accredited postdoctoral program or a pre-1967 limitation of practice, specialty-board certification or a clinical examination, 2,000 hours of practice, the national board examinations and the Minnesota jurisprudence examination. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.06 [^62]: Minn. Stat. § 150A.06, subd. 9 (2026), graduates of nonaccredited dental education programs — a limited general dentist license on passing the clinical examination; three years' practice under a board-approved supervising dentist by written agreement; an unlimited license thereafter on the supervisors' recommendation. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/150A.06 [^63]: University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, "About Our School" — the school as the only dental school in the northern tier between Wisconsin and the Pacific Northwest and the state's only dental school; it educates general dentists, specialists, dental therapists and dental hygienists. https://dentistry.umn.edu/about/about-our-school [^64]: Minn. Stat. § 151.02 (2026), history line — (5808-2) 1937 c 354 s 2; 1973 c 638 s 27; 1976 c 239 s 58; 1986 c 444; 2015 c 71 art 10 s 28. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/151.02 [^65]: Minn. Stat. § 151.10, subd. 2 (2026), graduates of schools outside the United States — examination for licensure on good moral character, internship, verified academic record and passing board-approved examinations in English proficiency and educational equivalency. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/151.10 [^66]: Minn. Stat. § 151.01 (2026), definition of pharmacist intern — a person enrolled in or graduated from a doctor of pharmacy program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, an applicant awaiting examination, a residency participant, or a foreign graduate who has passed the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/151.01 [^67]: University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, "Accreditation" — ACPE's certification that the professional degree program is granted accreditation status through June 30, 2032, following the board's January 24–26, 2024 meeting and an onsite evaluation of October 18–20, 2023. https://www.pharmacy.umn.edu/accreditation [^68]: Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, "Program Lookup" (accredited programs by status) — a directory of 711 results covering accredited PharmD programs and continuing-education providers; the page retrieved lists providers generally and was not filtered for Minnesota. https://www.acpe-accredit.org/accredited-programs-by-status [^69]: Minn. Stat. § 151.10 (2026), history line — (5808-10) 1937 c 354 s 10; 1941 c 78 s 2; 1973 c 639 s 3; 1973 c 725 s 20; 1976 c 222 s 84; 1984 c 426 s 1; 1986 c 444. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/151.10 [^70]: Laws of Minnesota 2026, ch. 53 (H.F. 3718), an act relating to animals, modifying provisions on the practice of veterinary medicine and veterinary technology — presented to the governor April 28, 2026; signed April 29, 2026; amends § 156.01, subds. 1 and 3, and repeals § 156.01, subd. 2. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2026/0/53/ [^71]: Laws of Minnesota 2026, ch. 53, § 29, amending § 156.01, subd. 1 — the board's prior composition of two public members and five licensed veterinarians struck in favor of nine members including a licensed veterinary technician and a ninth member who may be a veterinarian or technician. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2026/0/53/ [^72]: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, "Legislative Party Control Chart, 1901-present" — House, Senate and governor by session: 1973–78 Liberal/DFL majorities with DFL governors; 2017–18 Republican House and Senate, DFL governor; 2019–22 DFL House, Republican Senate, DFL governor; 2023–24 DFL in all three; 2025–26 tied House, DFL Senate, DFL governor. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/histleg/caucus_table [^73]: Laws of Minnesota 2026, ch. 53, §§ 1–2, amending § 156.001 — an accredited or approved college of veterinary medicine is one conforming to the standards of the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education; an accredited program of veterinary technology is one accredited by the AVMA Committee on Veterinary Technician Education and Activities. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2026/0/53/ [^74]: Laws of Minnesota 2024, ch. 127, art. 20, "Board of Veterinary Medicine", § 6, new § 156.0721, institutional licensure — a license for persons employed by the University of Minnesota not eligible for a regular license who hold degrees from nonaccredited colleges; and § 11, amending § 156.12, subd. 4, to recognize the institutional license. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/127/ [^75]: Minn. Stat. § 156.0721, subd. 2 (2026), scope of practice — practice only as related to the holder's University function, remunerated from state, federal or institutional funds; the board must cancel the license on notice from the University that the holder has left; holders are subject to the same discipline as other veterinarians. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.0721 [^76]: Laws of Minnesota 2024, ch. 127 (H.F. 5247) — the omnibus act's closing lines: presented to the governor May 23, 2024; signed by the governor May 24, 2024, 9:07 a.m. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/127/ [^77]: Presentation on S.F. 1773, veterinary institutional license, to the Senate Health and Human Services Committee, Feb. 22, 2024, by Dr. Michael Henson, University of Minnesota (Legislative Reference Library archive) — a clinical faculty shortage with a vacancy rate near 12 percent; the University as the only College of Veterinary Medicine in Minnesota, graduating about 120 veterinarians a year. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/archive/minutes/senate/2024/health/20240222/Health_20240222_SF1773-College-Of-Veterinary-Medicine-Veterinary-Institutional-License-Presentation.pdf [^78]: Minn. Stat. § 156.12, subd. 2, cl. (9) (2026), authorized activities — veterinarians in compliance with § 156.0721 employed by the University of Minnesota may perform their duties with the College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Extension Service, Medical School, School of Public Health, School of Nursing or other university unit. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.12 [^79]: Minn. Stat. § 156.12, subd. 2, cl. (13), and subd. 4 (2026) — a foreign graduate may work under a University of Minnesota veterinary faculty member to complete ECFVG or PAVE requirements; use of veterinary titles is limited to accredited-college graduates, certificate holders and institutional licensees; subd. 6 repealed 2024 c 127 art 20 s 12. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.12 [^80]: Laws of Minnesota 2024, ch. 127 (H.F. 5247), title — among the sections amended, Minnesota Statutes 2022, §§ 214.025, 214.04, subd. 2a, 214.29, 214.31 and 214.355, and 156.12, subds. 2 and 4; new law proposed for chapters 150A, 151, 156 and 214; repeal of § 156.12, subd. 6. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/127/ [^81]: Minn. Stat. § 156.12, subd. 1 (2026), practice of veterinary medicine — diagnosis, treatment and prevention of animal conditions, reproductive management, prescribing and administering drugs, and determining health or soundness; complementary, alternative and integrative therapies included; a veterinarian-client-patient relationship required except for emergency stabilization or teletriage. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.12 [^82]: University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, "Accreditation" — full accreditation status granted by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education; a full self-study and site visit every seven years; a 2021 self-study report linked. https://vetmed.umn.edu/education/accreditation [^83]: Minn. Stat. § 148.90, subd. 3 (2026), terms, compensation and removal — membership terms, compensation, removal, vacancies, fiscal year and reporting, staff, office space, complaint processing and fees are governed by chapter 214. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.90 [^84]: Minn. Stat. § 148.90, subd. 2(a)–(b) (2026) — members appointed by the governor, residents, two-term limit; a public member represents the public interest and may not be a psychologist, an applicant, a licensee of another health board, or a member of a household including a psychologist. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.90 [^85]: Minn. Stat. § 148.907, subds. 1–2 (2026), licensed psychologist — independent practice requires a license; requirements include examinations, good moral character, a doctoral degree with a major in psychology from a regionally accredited institution meeting board standards set by rule, and a year of supervised postdoctoral employment. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.907 [^86]: Minn. Stat. § 148.907, subds. 3–4 (2026), master's-level licensure — persons licensed before August 1, 1991 and persons who entered graduate programs before November 1, 1991 and met deadlines in 1997 and 1998 qualify; conversion from master's to doctoral licensure. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.907 [^87]: Laws of Minnesota 2021, First Special Session, ch. 7 (H.F. 33), the health and human services omnibus act — presented to the governor June 28, 2021; signed by the governor June 29, 2021, 1:44 p.m.; article 4, "Health-Related Licensing Boards". https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2021/1/Session+Law/Chapter/7/ [^88]: Laws of Minnesota 2021, First Special Session, ch. 7, art. 4, §§ 1, 8 and 10, amending §§ 148.90, 148B.30 and 148B.51 — new paragraphs requiring that at least two (psychology, marriage and family therapy) or three (behavioral health) members reside outside the metropolitan area and be members of a community of color or an underrepresented community. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2021/1/Session+Law/Chapter/7/ [^89]: Minn. Stat. § 148.90, subd. 2(c)–(d) (2026) — at least two members must reside outside the seven-county metropolitan area, and at least two must be members of a community of color or an underrepresented community as defined; history ending 1Sp2021 c 7 art 4 s 1. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.90 [^90]: Minn. Stat. § 148B.30, subd. 1 (2026), Board of Marriage and Family Therapy — seven members appointed by the governor: four licensed practising therapists, one teacher and researcher, two public representatives; residence and community-membership requirements in paragraphs (b)–(c). https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148B.30 [^91]: Minn. Stat. § 148B.30 (2026), history line — 1987 c 347 art 3 s 2; 1Sp2021 c 7 art 4 s 8; subd. 4 applies § 15.0575 to terms, compensation and removal. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148B.30 [^92]: Minn. Stat. § 148B.51 (2026), Board of Behavioral Health and Therapy — thirteen members appointed by the governor: five professional counselors, five alcohol and drug counselors, three public members; three members outside the metropolitan area and three from a community of color or underrepresented community; history 2003 c 118 s 5 through 1Sp2021 c 7 art 4 s 10. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148B.51 [^93]: Laws of Minnesota 2021, First Special Session, ch. 7, art. 4, § 2, amending § 148.911 — at least four continuing-education hours for psychologists on the psychological needs of individuals from diverse backgrounds, including the nature of social diversity and oppression and cultural humility; effective July 1, 2023. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2021/1/Session+Law/Chapter/7/ [^94]: Laws of Minnesota 2021, First Special Session, ch. 7, art. 4, §§ 9, 11–14 — parallel four-hour requirements for marriage and family therapists and licensed professional counselors, effective July 1, 2023, and a cultural-responsiveness definition and four-hour requirement for social workers from July 1, 2021. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2021/1/Session+Law/Chapter/7/ [^95]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, table of headnotes (Office of the Revisor of Statutes, court rules) — effective August 18, 1998, with amendments effective through September 1, 2026; Rules 1 to 19, from Purpose through Bar Admissions Advisory Council. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-toh [^96]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 3A, composition — nine members including a president; seven lawyers with principal offices in the state and two non-lawyer public members, each appointed by the Court for three years; three-term limit; the president serves at the Court's pleasure for no more than six years. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-3/ [^97]: Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board, "Discipline System & Process", Rule 4 — twenty-three members, fourteen lawyers and nine public members, appointed by the Court and uncompensated; the Board administers the procedural rules, sets policy, hears appeals and makes probable-cause determinations but neither investigates nor recommends discipline. https://lprb.mncourts.gov/about/the-discipline-process/ [^98]: Minnesota State Bar Association, home page (retrieved Oct. 29, 2026), "About Us", figures, "Advocacy & Policy" and membership — 333 CLEs (2025–2026), 15,000 members, 450 leadership positions, 21 district bars; lobbying at the Legislature; a "Not a Member?" invitation; the association promotes standards of excellence and inclusion in the legal profession, provides resources to members and strives to improve the law and the equal administration of justice. https://www.mnbar.org/ [^99]: Minn. Stat. § 481.01 (2026), fees — examination and other fees under the court's rules on the practice of law are paid to the commissioner of management and budget into a special fund appropriated annually to the Supreme Court for the board's expenses and for regulating the practice of law. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/481.01 [^100]: Minn. Stat. § 481.01 (2026), history line — (5685) RL s 2278; 1921 c 161 s 1; 1953 c 167; 1959 c 384; 1963 c 718; 1973 c 492 s 14; 1976 c 149; 1985 c 248; 1986 c 444; 1995 c 226; 1996 c 408; 2003 c 112; 2009 c 101 art 2 s 109. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/481.01 [^101]: Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board, "Discipline System & Process", Rule 5 — the Office investigates and pursues discipline on clear and convincing evidence; private admonitions and probation for isolated, nonserious misconduct; public reprimand, suspension and disbarment issued by the Court; thirty to forty lawyers publicly disciplined and 100 to 120 privately each year. https://lprb.mncourts.gov/about/the-discipline-process/ [^102]: Minnesota State Board of Law Examiners, home page (retrieved Oct. 29, 2026) — admission by bar examination or by years of practice; news items: the Supreme Court seeks a lawyer member (Sept. 28, 2026); a passing-score recommendation filed Sept. 2, 2026; the Alternative Pathways Committee created by order of March 12, 2024, and a 2026 comment period on a curricular pathway. https://ble.mn.gov/ [^103]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 3, amendment line — amended effective September 1, 2004; July 1, 2007; September 1, 2011; July 1, 2016; and September 1, 2026. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-3/ [^104]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 3B, authority — to employ a director subject to the Court's approval, secure valid and reliable examination questions, employ graders, set a passing score, investigate applicants' backgrounds, recommend admission to the Court, administer the Supervised Practice Rules and inform the public. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-3/ [^105]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 3C, meetings and quorum — meetings open to the public except when considering examination materials, applicant information, personnel matters, confidential information or legal advice; minutes of public portions available; quorum a majority of sitting members. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-3/ [^106]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 4A(1)–(3), eligibility — age eighteen; good character and fitness; a J.D. or LL.B. from an ABA-approved law school, or a bachelor's degree, a J.D. and sixty months of licensed practice in the previous eighty-four, or ten years' licensure elsewhere. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-4/ [^107]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 4A(4)–(6) — a passing score on the written examination or qualification under the admission-on-motion and license rules; a scaled MPRE score of 85 or higher; no current suspension or disbarment elsewhere. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-4/ [^108]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 4C, evidence of graduation — a document from the law school signed by the dean or other authorized person stating that the J.D. has been conferred or will be within 120 days after the examination, followed by a certified transcript. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-4/ [^109]: Minnesota State Board of Law Examiners, home page — menu of admission routes: Uniform Bar Exam, NextGen, admission on motion by years of practice (Rule 7A), transferred MBE or UBE scores (Rules 7B–7C), temporary and house counsel licenses (Rules 8–10), foreign legal consultants (Rule 11), supervised practice. https://ble.mn.gov/ [^110]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 19, Bar Admissions Advisory Council — representatives of the Minnesota State Bar Association and of each Minnesota law school; consultation with the Board on policy and rule amendments; a joint meeting at least once a year; three-year terms without compensation. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-19 [^111]: Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board, "Discipline System & Process", Rule 3 — district ethics committees of volunteers investigate referred complaints and recommend to the Director; chairs appointed by the Court; terms up to twelve years; public members fill at least 20 percent of seats. https://lprb.mncourts.gov/about/the-discipline-process/ [^112]: Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board, "Discipline System & Process", complaint process — panel review for reasonable cause; a petition for disciplinary action filed with the Supreme Court; a referee's hearing and findings; the Court's decision; proceedings before the Court and its decisions public, dismissed and private matters confidential. https://lprb.mncourts.gov/about/the-discipline-process/ [^113]: Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board, news and dates — Oct. 1, 2026, order promulgating amendments to the Minnesota Rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility dated Sept. 30, 2026; Oct. 12, 2026, the Court seeks an attorney member for the Client Security Board; public meetings Dec. 11, 2026, Jan. 22 and May 14, 2027. https://lprb.mncourts.gov/about/the-discipline-process/ [^117]: Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board, "Board of Teaching Rules" — the statement that on January 1, 2018, the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board replaced the Board of Teaching; rulemakings begun by the Board of Teaching in 2016 and 2017. https://mn.gov/pelsb/board/rulemaking/bot-rules [^118]: Office of the Revisor of Statutes, bill status, H.F. 2 (90th Legislature, 2017 First Special Session), "Omnibus education finance bill" — House passage 79–54 (May 23) and repassage 76–54 (May 25, 2017); Senate passage 34–28 (May 25); presented May 26; approved May 30, 2017; chapter 5. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/90/2017/1/HF/2 [^119]: Office of the Revisor of Statutes, bill status, H.F. 1 (91st Legislature, 2020 Second Special Session), public safety — thirteen House authors led by Mariani; Senate author Limmer; House passage 102–29 on July 20, 2020; Senate passage 60–7 on July 21; presented July 21; approved July 23, 2020; chapter 1. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/91/2020/2/HF/1/?body=House [^120]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.09, subd. 4 (2026), licensing and approval — the board must license teachers other than supervisory personnel, must not delegate its licensing decisions, must evaluate applicants for compliance with statute and rule, and must approve teacher preparation providers. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.09 [^121]: Minn. Stat. § 626.845, subd. 1 (2026), powers and duties — to certify postsecondary schools on board-approved learning objectives; to license peace officers who meet education and experience requirements and pass board examinations; to develop examinations; to obtain criminal conviction data; to enforce licensing sanctions for agencies' failure to adopt mandated policies. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.845 [^122]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.07, subd. 1 (2026), Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board membership — thirteen members appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate; terms, removal and vacancies under §§ 214.07 to 214.09; one reappointment. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.07 [^123]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.07, subd. 2 (2026), eligibility and composition — seven teachers in six specified categories, two teachers in a board-approved preparation program, a superintendent, a special-education administrator, a principal and one member of the public who may be a current or former school board member. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.07 [^124]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.18, subd. 1 (2026), authority to license — Tier 1 through Tier 4 licenses under §§ 122A.181–.184; the Board of School Administrators licenses supervisory personnel; data-sharing agreements with the Department of Education for program approval and staff reporting. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.18 [^125]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.18, subd. 8 (2026), background studies — criminal history background studies, with fingerprints, of all first-time applicants for educator and administrator licenses, including Bureau of Criminal Apprehension and national repository checks. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.18 [^126]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.18, subd. 10 (2026), licensure via portfolio — rules for obtaining an initial Tier 3 license or adding a field by portfolios demonstrating pedagogical and content competence; decisions within ninety days and resubmissions within sixty. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.18 [^127]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.07, subd. 4a (2026), administration — the executive director is the board's chief administrative officer but not a member; the Department of Administration provides administrative support under § 16B.371 and assesses the board for the services. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.07 [^128]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.07, subds. 4–6 (2026) — complaints, fees and the executive director under chapter 214; a stipend of up to $4,800 annually, prorated monthly; district reimbursement for substitute teachers when members serve; public employers may not reduce a member's compensation for board service. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.07 [^129]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.07 (2026), history line — Ex1967 c 25 s 3; 1973 c 749; 1975 c 136; 1976 c 222; 1980 c 345; 1989 c 251; 1998 c 397 and c 398; 2009 c 96; 1Sp2017 c 5 art 12 s 2; 1Sp2019 c 11 art 3 s 1; 2023 c 55 art 12 s 5–10. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.07 [^130]: Minn. Stat. § 214.04 (2026), history line — amendments from 1973 c 638 s 64 through 1Sp2017 c 5 art 12 s 18 and 2024 c 122 and c 127, showing the 2017 education act's amendment of the staffing section. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.04 [^131]: Minn. Stat. § 122A.09, subd. 9 (2026), rules — the board adopts rules under chapter 14 for listed sections; a rule in conflict with a session law or statute yields to the statute; rules must describe effects on teacher supply and demand; rules only under specific statutory authority. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/122A.09 [^132]: Minn. Stat. § 626.841 (2026), history line — 1967 c 870 s 1; 1969 c 108 s 1; 1977 c 433 s 2; 1979 c 282 s 2; 1981 c 310 s 2; 1986 c 444; 1987 c 358 s 129; 1995 c 226 art 4 s 24; 2Sp2020 c 1 s 12. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.841 [^133]: Minn. Stat. § 626.843, subd. 3 (2026), board authority, and history line — cooperation with the federal government for the purposes of Laws 1977, chapter 433; history 1967 c 870 s 3 through 1977 c 433 s 4–6, 2Sp2020 c 1 s 13 and 2023 c 52 art 10 s 10. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.843 [^134]: Minn. Stat. § 626.841 (2026), POST Board members — seventeen members: two sheriffs, four municipal officers including two chiefs, two officers including a State Patrol Association member, the BCA superintendent, two peace-officer educators, a college administrator and a small-city official, and four members of the general public; the governor appoints the chair. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.841 [^135]: Minn. Stat. § 626.841 (2018 Minnesota Statutes, version of Sept. 22, 2018) — a board of fifteen members, with the same first six categories as the current text and two members appointed by the governor from among the general public; history ending 1995 c 226 art 4 s 24. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.841/version/2018-09-22%2019:49:35+00:00 [^136]: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, Legislators Past & Present, record of Carlos Mariani — Democratic-Farmer-Labor, Saint Paul; House 1991–2012 and 2013–2022; chair of the public safety and criminal justice reform finance and policy division, 2019–2020. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/legdb/fulldetail?ID=10399 [^137]: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, Legislators Past & Present, record of Warren E. Limmer — Independent Republican when first elected, Republican in 2019–2020; Maple Grove; House 1989–1995; Senate 1995 to present; chair of the Judiciary and Public Safety Finance and Policy committee, 2019–2020. https://www.lrl.mn.gov/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?ID=10376 [^138]: Minn. Stat. § 626.843, subd. 1 (2026), rules required — certification of postsecondary schools; minimum courses, equipment and facilities; instructor qualifications; minimum standards of physical, mental and educational fitness for admission to programs and licensing; continuing education; standards of conduct; learning objectives; agency misconduct procedures. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.843 [^139]: Minn. Stat. § 626.843, subds. 2 and 4 (2026) — an executive director appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the board in the unclassified service, with other employees in the classified service; reports to the attorney general from time to time, to the governor at least biennially and to legislative chairs biannually, including compliance reviews under § 626.8459. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.843 [^140]: Minn. R. 6700.0100 (2023), definitions — a school is a postsecondary institution accredited by one of the six regional accrediting associations and authorized to award degrees; professional peace officer education; certification; discriminatory conduct; hate or extremist group; history through 47 SR 1120. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/6700/full [^141]: Minn. R. 6700.0300, subp. 1 (2023), professional peace officer education — nine subject areas: the criminal justice system, Minnesota statute law, constitutional law and criminal procedure, juvenile justice, patrol, investigation and testifying, human behavior and crisis intervention, defensive tactics and use of force, and cultural awareness and response to crime victims. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/6700.0300 [^142]: Minn. Stat. § 626.845, subd. 3 (2026), peace officer data — the board, in consultation with the Minnesota Chiefs of Police Association, Minnesota Sheriffs' Association and Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association, creates a central repository receiving in real time the data agencies must submit under § 626.8457, with encrypted tracking of individual officers; history 2Sp2020 c 1 s 16 and 1Sp2021 c 11 art 9 s 26. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.845 [^143]: Minn. Stat. § 626.843, subds. 1b–1c (2026) — a complaint subcommittee must have one public member and three current or former peace officers; by January 1, 2024 the board must adopt rules permitting discipline for conduct violations whether or not criminal charges have been filed, under chapter 214's evidentiary standards. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.843 [^144]: Minn. Stat. § 626.8432, subd. 1 (2026), revocation, suspension, denial — grounds: fraud in obtaining a license, failure to meet requirements, violation of § 626.8436, or violation of the standards of conduct in Minnesota Rules, chapter 6700; history 2001 c 135 s 1; 2023 c 52 art 10 s 11. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.8432 [^145]: Minn. R. 6700.0700, subp. 1 (2023), minimum selection standards — the employing agency must document citizenship or work eligibility, a driver's license, a background investigation, the absence of listed convictions, no decertification, freedom from discriminatory conduct, fingerprinting, a medical examination, a psychological screening under part 6700.0675 and emergency medical responder training; history through 47 SR 1120. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/6700.0700 [^146]: Minn. Stat. § 214.10, subd. 10 (2026), POST Board receipt of complaint — the executive director may order an appropriate law enforcement agency to inquire into a complaint, with a written summary due within thirty days. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.10 [^147]: Minn. Stat. § 214.10, subds. 11–13 (2026), POST Board reasonable-grounds determination — a committee of at least four members, three peace officers and one public member, decides by majority whether to order an administrative hearing; the full board takes final action after the administrative law judge's referral. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.10 [^148]: Liaison Committee on Medical Education, "Accredited U.S. Programs" directory, notes — an asterisk marks programs accredited before the LCME's founding in 1942; the LCME is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education and the World Federation for Medical Education as the authority for accrediting programs leading to the MD degree. https://lcme.org/directory/accredited-u-s-programs/ [^149]: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, "Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine" — one school with three campuses in Rochester, Minnesota, Phoenix, Arizona and Jacksonville, Florida; the M.D. program's small classes and three locations; Rochester described as where it all began more than 150 years ago. https://college.mayo.edu/academics/mayo-clinic-alix-school-of-medicine/ [^150]: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, "Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine", news — commencements in May 2026 in Rochester (May 9), Phoenix (May 15) and Jacksonville (reported May 21); 96 students across the three campuses matched to residencies on March 20, 2026. https://college.mayo.edu/academics/mayo-clinic-alix-school-of-medicine/ [^151]: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, "Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine", site menu — pages on the school's history, "Higher Learning Commission accreditation", consumer information and disclosures, and the dean's message; the school's accreditation page listed under "Choosing Mayo Clinic". https://college.mayo.edu/academics/mayo-clinic-alix-school-of-medicine/ [^152]: American Veterinary Medical Association, "Accredited veterinary colleges" — the retrieval made for this portal on Oct. 29, 2026 returned a bot-protection refusal (an Incapsula incident identifier) rather than the directory; the page's contents were not read. https://www.avma.org/education/accredited-veterinary-colleges [^153]: Minn. Stat. § 156.0721, subd. 1(b)–(d) (2026) — the University may submit its employees' applications in a compiled format with fees in a single payment; fees and renewal deadlines are the same as for a regular license; the University may be responsible for timely renewal. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.0721 [^154]: University of Minnesota Research & Innovation Office, "New Release of World-Standard Psych Test for Today's Population" (Nov. 17, 2020) — the University of Minnesota Press's release of the MMPI-3, the first full revision in over thirty years; a 335-item true/false test published by the Press and distributed by Pearson's clinical assessment division. https://research.umn.edu/news/new-release-world-standard-psych-test-todays-population [^155]: University of Minnesota Research & Innovation Office, MMPI-3 release (Nov. 17, 2020), uses — guiding diagnosis and treatment planning in mental health settings, evaluating readiness for medical procedures, informing forensic evaluations in civil and criminal cases, and helping identify high-risk employment candidates in public safety settings. https://research.umn.edu/news/new-release-world-standard-psych-test-todays-population [^156]: University of Minnesota Research & Innovation Office, MMPI-3 release (Nov. 17, 2020), history and authorship — roots in 1943 with Starke Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley; the MMPI-2 of 1989; development of the MMPI-3 led by Yossef Ben-Porath of Kent State University and Auke Tellegen, University professor emeritus, both trained at the University; a normative sample matched to 2020 census projections. https://research.umn.edu/news/new-release-world-standard-psych-test-todays-population [^157]: Minn. Stat. § 214.10, subd. 8 (2026), special requirements for health boards other than Veterinary Medicine — sexual-contact complaints go to the Attorney General's designee and may not be resolved by education or conciliation absent insufficient evidence; members with financial or professional connections to the subject may not participate. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.10 [^158]: Minn. Stat. § 156.01 (2026), history line — (5851-1) 1937 c 119 s 1; 1965 c 204; 1973 c 638 s 39–40; 1975 c 136; 1976 c 222; 1985 c 248; 1991 c 199; 1996 c 415; 1999 c 231; 2026 c 53 s 29–31. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/156.01 [^159]: Minn. Stat. § 214.103 (2026), history line — 1Sp1993 c 1 art 9 s 70 and amendments through 1Sp2020 c 2 art 8 s 37, dating the health boards' separate complaint procedure to the 1993 special session. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.103 [^160]: Minn. Stat. § 148.907 (2026), history line — 1996 c 424 s 10; 1997 c 102 s 1–3; 1997 c 134 s 1–2; 2005 c 147 art 3 s 3; 1Sp2017 c 6 art 11 s 37–38. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.907 [^161]: Minn. Stat. § 214.025 (2026), Council of Health Boards — the health boards may establish a council of their representatives, which must include the commissioner of health and the emergency medical services director when reviewing legislation; history 2001 c 161 s 40, amended 2024. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.025 [^162]: Minnesota Rules for Admission to the Bar, Rule 4, amendment line — amended effective March 14, 2000; September 1, 2004; July 1, 2007; September 1, 2011; February 1, 2013; May 1, 2021; October 1, 2021; and September 1, 2026. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule/pradmi-4/ [^163]: Minnesota House Research Department, Bill Summary, H.F. 1817 (Feb. 20, 2024) — under then-current law a specialty or foreign graduate could be issued a "specialty or temporary faculty Veterinary Medical Center clinician license"; the bill repeals that law and replaces these licenses with an institutional license for persons employed by the University of Minnesota; repeals § 156.12, subd. 6. https://www.house.mn.gov/hrd/bs/93/HF1817.pdf