# Ruthenium
## ๐ง Ruthenium ยท 3D (three.js)
<iframe src="https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Ru&embed=1" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" style="border:0;border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden" allowfullscreen loading="lazy" title="The Elements 3D microsim - Ruthenium"></iframe>
*Ruthenium in the live three.js Elements explorer โ drag to orbit the atom, click any tile to compare, slide the temperature.* ยท [โถ open full](https://wikitube-elements.netlify.app/?el=Ru)
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!Ruthenium plate.svg
*Plate 44 of 118 - animated Bohr shells, stylized per Madelung filling; engraving style per house Arcanity kit.*
## Microsim To Do
*Claimable rows, house pattern. Real Wikipedia articles only.*
- Catalytic converter - ruthenium's role in oxidation catalysis
- Platinum group metals - ruthenium's family and rarity
- Organometallic chemistry - ruthenium complexes in synthesis
- Electrochemistry - ruthenium electrodes and electron transfer
## Links (Wikipedia order)
<!-- injected from _registry/childlinks/Ruthenium.json (2026-07-30T02:09:12Z) -->
`(Cymene)ruthenium_dichloride_dimer` ยท `4_Vesta` ยท `Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements` ยท `Actinide` ยท [[Actinium]] ยท `Aldehyde` ยท `Alkali` ยท `Alkali_metal` ยท `Alkaline_earth_metal` ยท [[Alloy]] ยท `Alluvium` ยท [[Aluminium]] ยท [[Americium]] ยท `Ammonium` ยท `Anisotropy` ยท `Annalen_der_Physik` ยท [[Antimony]] ยท `Aqua_regia` ยท `Arc_welding` ยท [[Argon]] ยท [[Arsenic]] ยท [[Astatine]] ยท `Asymmetric_hydrogenation` ยท `Atomic_number` ยท `Atomic_radius` ยท `Baltic_German` ยท [[Barium]] ยท `Barium_ruthenate` ยท [[Berkelium]] ยท [[Beryllium]] ยท [[Bismuth]] ยท `Block_(periodic_table)` ยท [[Bohrium]] ยท [[Boiling_point]] ยท [[Boron]] ยท `Boron_group` ยท `Brinell_hardness_test` ยท [[Bromine]] ยท `Bulk_modulus` ยท `CAS_Registry_Number` ยท `CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics` ยท `CRC_Press` ยท [[Cadmium]] ยท [[Caesium]] ยท [[Calcium]] ยท [[Californium]] ยท `Canada` ยท `Carbene` ยท [[Carbon]] ยท `Carbon_group` ยท `Catalysis` ยท [[Cerium]] ยท `Chalcogen` ยท `Chalcogenide` ยท `Chemical_compound` ยท [[Chemical_element]] ยท `Chemical_vapor_deposition` ยท `Chemically_inert` ยท [[Chlorine]] ยท `Chlorine_production` ยท [[Chromium]] ยท `Close-packing_of_equal_spheres` ยท [[Cobalt]] ยท `Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights` ยท [[Copernicium]] ยท [[Copper]] ยท [[Corrosion]] ยท `Covalent_radius` ยท [[Crystal_structure]] ยท [[Curium]] ยท [[Darmstadtium]] ยท [[Decay_product]] ยท [[Density]] ยท `Diruthenium_tetraacetate_chloride` ยท `Distrontium_ruthenate` ยท [[Dubnium]] ยท `Dye-sensitized_solar_cell` ยท [[Dysprosium]] ยท [[Einsteinium]] ยท `Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity` ยท `Electron_capture` ยท `Electron_configuration` ยท `Electron_shell` ยท `Electronegativity` ยท `Electroplating` ยท `Enantiomeric_excess` ยท `Enthalpy_of_fusion` ยท `Enthalpy_of_vaporization` ยท [[Erbium]] ยท `Ethanol` ยท [[Europium]] ยท [[Fermium]] ยท `Ferrocene` ยท `FischerโTropsch_process` ยท `Fission_product_yield` ยท [[Flerovium]] ยท `Fluorescence` ยท [[Fluorine]] ยท `Fountain_pen` ยท [[Francium]] ยท [[Gadolinium]] ยท [[Gallium]] ยท [[Germanium]] ยท [[Gold]] ยท `Gottfried_Osann` ยท `Group_(periodic_table)` ยท `Group_10_element` ยท `Group_11_element` ยท `Group_12_element` ยท `Group_3_element` ยท `Group_4_element` ยท `Group_5_element` ยท `Group_6_element` ยท `Group_7_element` ยท `Group_8_element` ยท `Group_9_element` ยท [[Hafnium]] ยท [[Half-life]] ยท `Halogen` ยท [[Hassium]] ยท [[Helium]] ยท [[Holmium]] ยท `Hydrochloric_acid` ยท [[Hydrogen]] ยท `Imine` ยท [[Indium]] ยท [[Iodine]] ยท [[Ionization_energy]] ยท [[Iridium]] ยท [[Iron]] ยท `Isotope` ยท `Isotopes_of_ruthenium` ยท `Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society` ยท `Jฤdrzej_ลniadecki` ยท `Karl_Ernst_Claus` ยท `Kazan` ยท `Kelvin` ยท `Ketone` ยท [[Krypton]] ยท [[Lanthanum]] ยท `Lattice_constant` ยท [[Lawrencium]] ยท [[Lead]] ยท `List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies` ยท `List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements` ยท [[Lithium]] ยท `Lithium_ruthenate` ยท [[Livermorium]] ยท `Long-lived_fission_product` ยท `Luminescence` ยท [[Lutetium]] ยท [[Magnesium]] ยท `Magnetic_susceptibility` ยท `Magnetism` ยท [[Manganese]] ยท `Mary_Elvira_Weeks` ยท [[Meitnerium]] ยท `Melanoma` ยท `Melting_point` ยท [[Mendelevium]] ยท [[Mercury_(element)]] ยท `Molar_heat_capacity` ยท [[Molybdenum]] ยท [[Moscovium]] ยท `National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology` ยท `Natural_abundance` ยท [[Neodymium]] ยท [[Neon]] ยท [[Neptunium]] ยท `Neutron_activation` ยท `Neutron_cross_section` ยท `Neutron_radiation` ยท [[Nickel]] ยท [[Nihonium]] ยท [[Niobium]] ยท [[Nitrogen]] ยท `Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry` ยท [[Nobelium]] ยท [[Noble_gas]] ยท `Norman_Greenwood` ยท `North_America` ยท `Nuclear_medicine` ยท `Nuclear_transmutation` ยท [[Oganesson]] ยท `Olefin_metathesis` ยท `Ontario` ยท `Organic_Syntheses` ยท `Organoruthenium_chemistry` ยท [[Osmium]] ยท `Osmium_tetroxide` ยท `Oxidation_state` ยท [[Oxygen]] ยท [[Palladium]] ยท `Pearson_symbol` ยท `Pectin` ยท `Pentlandite` ยท `Period_(periodic_table)` ยท `Period_1_element` ยท `Period_2_element` ยท `Period_3_element` ยท `Period_4_element` ยท `Period_5_element` ยท `Period_6_element` ยท `Period_7_element` ยท `Periodic_table` ยท `Phase_(matter)` ยท [[Phosphorus]] ยท `Photolithography` ยท `Photomask` ยท `Picometre` ยท [[Platinum]] ยท `Platinum_group` ยท [[Plutonium]] ยท `Pnictogen` ยท `Poisson's_ratio` ยท `Poland` ยท [[Polonium]] ยท [[Potassium]] ยท `Potassium_hydroxide` ยท `Potassium_nitrate` ยท `Powder_metallurgy` ยท [[Praseodymium]] ยท `Primordial_nuclide` ยท [[Promethium]] ยท [[Protactinium]] ยท `PubChem` ยท `Pyrite` ยท [[Radioactive_decay]] ยท [[Radium]] ยท [[Radon]] ยท `Reactivity_(chemistry)` ยท `Redox` ยท [[Rhenium]] ยท [[Rhodium]] ยท `Ring-opening_metathesis_polymerization` ยท [[Roentgenium]] ยท [[Rubidium]] ยท `Russian_Empire` ยท `Ruthenia` ยท `Ruthenium(II)_chloride` ยท `Ruthenium(III)_acetate` ยท `Ruthenium(III)_bromide` ยท `Ruthenium(III)_chloride` ยท `Ruthenium(III)_fluoride` ยท `Ruthenium(III)_iodide` ยท `Ruthenium(IV)_fluoride` ยท `Ruthenium(IV)_oxide` ยท `Ruthenium_hexafluoride` ยท `Ruthenium_pentafluoride` ยท `Ruthenium_tetrachloride` ยท `Ruthenium_tetroxide` ยท [[Rutherfordium]] ยท `Ryลji_Noyori` ยท [[Samarium]] ยท [[Scandium]] ยท [[Seaborgium]] ยท [[Selenium]] ยท `Shear_modulus` ยท [[Silicon]] ยท [[Silver]] ยท [[Sodium]] ยท `Sodium_peroxide` ยท `Solid` ยท `South_Africa` ยท `South_America` ยท `Specific_heat_capacity` ยท `Spectral_line` ยท `Speed_of_sound` ยท `Spent_nuclear_fuel` ยท `Sputtering` ยท `Standard_atomic_weight` ยท `Standard_temperature_and_pressure` ยท [[Strontium]] ยท [[Sulfur]] ยท `Superalloy` ยท [[Superconductivity]] ยท `Switch` ยท `Synthetic_radioisotope` ยท [[Tantalum]] ยท [[Technetium]] ยท `Technetium-99` ยท `Technetium-99m` ยท [[Tellurium]] ยท [[Tennessine]] ยท [[Terbium]] ยท `Tetrapropylammonium_perruthenate` ยท [[Thallium]] ยท [[Thorium]] ยท [[Thulium]] ยท `Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries` ยท [[Tin]] ยท [[Titanium]] ยท `Tonne` ยท `Transfer_hydrogenation` ยท `Transition_metal` ยท `Triphenylphosphine` ยท `Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)_chloride` ยท [[Tungsten]] ยท `Ultraviolet` ยท `Ural_Mountains` ยท [[Uranium]] ยท `Valence_(chemistry)` ยท [[Vanadium]] ยท `Vapor_pressure` ยท [[Wayback_Machine]] ยท [[Xenon]] ยท `Young's_modulus` ยท [[Ytterbium]] ยท [[Yttrium]] ยท [[Zinc]] ยท [[Zirconium]]
> **Official MAIN - Chemical element, Z = 44.** Part of the Elements Canon (one canonical page per element). Infobox grounded in [Wikipedia: List of chemical elements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements), fetched 2026-07-08. Full article: [Wikipedia: Ruthenium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium).
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## Key facts (infobox)
| | |
|---|---|
| Symbol - Z | Ru - 44 |
| Group - Period - Block | 8 - 5 - d-block |
| Atomic weight (Da) | 101.07 |
| Density (g/cm3) | 12.45 |
| Melting - Boiling (K) | 2607 - 4423 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 2.2 |
| Crustal abundance (mg/kg) | 0.001 |
| Origin | primordial |
| Phase (STP) | solid |
| Name origin | Neo-Latin Ruthenia, 'Russia' |
*Bracketed weights are the mass number of the most stable isotope; values in parentheses are predictions (per the source table).*
## Story
Ruthenium was discovered in 1844 by Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus, who isolated it from platinum ore residues by selective dissolution and reduction. The name honors Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia. Ruthenium is extremely rare in the crust (0.001 mg/kg) and occurs almost exclusively as a byproduct of platinum mining in the platinum group metals.
Ruthenium is a hard, brittle transition metal with exceptional catalytic properties. It forms compounds across multiple oxidation states and is widely used in catalysts for ammonia synthesis, hydrogenation reactions, and organic synthesis. [model-prior - verify] Ruthenium tetroxide (RuOโ) is a powerful oxidizing agent. Ruthenium electrodes in electrochemistry and ruthenium-based complexes in photochemistry enable energy conversion and electron transfer applications. [model-prior - verify]
The corpus references ruthenium through the periodic table and the broader narrative of transition metal chemistry: as a platinum-group neighbor of palladium and rhodium, ruthenium sits at the convergence of catalysis, materials science, and the noble metals story that runs through industrial chemistry.
## Corpus connections
- R.E.A.C.T.I.O.N. - the Chemistry hub
- Centers of Excellence Portal
- [[Technetium|Technetium - the element made before found]] - the canon's patron - and Technitium, the School
- Solar System Mining Surveys - platinum group metals and their cosmic distribution
## Vocational-Technical Semiotics
The element speaks the canon's shared signs: the periodic table cell (Ru, group 8, period 5), isotope notation, and hazard pictograms ghs where handling demands it.
## Sources
Infobox: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements) (fetched 2026-07-08); etymology per the same table's notes. Story sources to be added at enrichment.
## Navigation
- Canon: Elements Canon index - neighbors by Z: [[Technetium|Technetium (43)]] - [[Rhodium|Rhodium (45)]]
- R.E.A.C.T.I.O.N. - Centers of Excellence
## Wikipedia : Wikitube
**Strict pair:** [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium) : [Wikitube](https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Ruthenium)
## Previous hub tags
Tree parents: [[Helium]] ยท [[Hydrogen]] ยท [[Oxygen]].
Legacy hubs: none.
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*Sources: 1 legacy note. Minted wave 1, 2026-07-30 (v1.6 order).*