# Submarine
## Microsim
### Live player
<div class="microsim-player">
<iframe src="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/full/bYMDkih9c" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin"></iframe>
</div>
<div class="microsim-fallback">
<img src="Microsims/thumbs/Submarine.png" alt="Submarine microsim poster" style="width:100%;border:1px solid #4445;border-radius:6px;">
<p><em>Live microsim (desktop) · <a href="https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/sketches/bYMDkih9c">open sketch in the p5.js editor</a></em></p>
</div>
**Editor URL:** https://editor.p5js.org/sciencenibber/sketches/bYMDkih9c
**Description (100 words):**
A submarine sets its depth with buoyancy, not thrust. The hull displaces a fixed volume of water, so the upward buoyant [[Force|force]] B = rho*g*V stays constant while submerged (Archimedes' principle). Flooding the ballast tanks adds seawater mass, raising the weight W = m*g; when W exceeds B the boat dives. Blowing the tanks with compressed air lowers the mass until W is less than B and the boat rises. The boat hovers — neutral buoyancy — exactly when total mass equals rho*V. Drag the ballast-fill slider and watch the weight and buoyancy arrows, depth, and [[Velocity|velocity]] respond in real time.
```js
// =====================================================================
// Article : Submarine
// Slug : Submarine
// Wikitube : en.wikitube.io/wiki/Submarine
// Room : Robotics
//
// Idea : A submarine controls its depth not with thrust but with
// buoyancy. Its hull displaces a fixed volume V of water, so
// the upward buoyant force B = rho * g * V is constant while
// submerged (Archimedes' principle). To dive, the crew floods
// the ballast tanks with seawater, raising the boat's total
// mass m and therefore its weight W = m * g; when W > B the
// boat sinks. To surface, compressed air blows the water back
// out, lowering m until W < B and the boat rises. The boat is
// "neutrally buoyant" — it hovers — exactly when m = rho * V.
// Drag a single slider for the ballast fill fraction and watch
// the weight/buoyancy arrows and the boat respond in real time.
//
// Equation : F_net = W - B = (m_hull + m_ballast) * g - rho * g * V
// Neutral buoyancy <=> m_hull + m_ballast = rho * V
// =====================================================================
// Rule §3 — single source of truth for the title/URL/save-name.
const ARTICLE = "Submarine";
// Rule §4 — disable the Friendly Error System for ship.
p5.disableFriendlyErrors = true;
// ---------- physical constants (SI) ----------
const G = 9.81; // gravitational acceleration, m/s^2
const RHO = 1025; // density of seawater, kg/m^3
const V_HULL = 10.0; // displaced hull volume, m^3 (constant, submerged)
const M_HULL = 8000; // dry hull mass, kg
const BALLAST_CAP = 5000; // max seawater the tanks can hold, kg
const DRAG_C = 9000; // quadratic drag coeff (illustrative, N per (m/s)^2)
// Buoyant force is constant while fully submerged.
const B_FORCE = RHO * G * V_HULL; // newtons
// Ballast (kg) that makes the boat exactly neutral: m_hull + b = rho*V.
const B_NEUTRAL_KG = RHO * V_HULL - M_HULL; // kg
const B_NEUTRAL_PCT = 100 * B_NEUTRAL_KG / BALLAST_CAP; // % fill for neutral
// ---------- world / depth mapping ----------
const DEPTH_MAX = 80; // metres of water column shown
let ySurf, ySea, pxPerM; // computed in setup() from canvas height
// ---------- runtime state ----------
let depth = 12; // current depth of the boat's centre, metres (down positive)
let vel = 0; // vertical velocity, m/s (down positive)
let bSlider; // ballast fill control
let resetBtn; // re-centre the boat at rest
let bubbles = []; // rising air bubbles shown while tanks are being blown
let lastFill = 0; // previous fill %, to detect "blowing" (fill decreasing)
function setup() {
// Rule §5 — canvas inside setup, standard size, 2x density.
createCanvas(720, 520);
pixelDensity(2);
// Layout: a thin sky band on top, the water column below it.
ySurf = 70; // y of the sea surface
ySea = height - 18; // y of the seabed
pxPerM = (ySea - ySurf) / DEPTH_MAX;
// Rule §6 — one slider, range is mathematically meaningful: 0..100% of
// tank capacity. Default sits just below neutral so the boat gently rises.
bSlider = createSlider(0, 100, 40, 1);
bSlider.position(150, height - 32);
bSlider.style("width", "240px");
// A reset button to drop the boat back to rest at mid-depth.
resetBtn = createButton("reset");
resetBtn.position(410, height - 34);
resetBtn.mousePressed(function () { depth = 12; vel = 0; bubbles = []; });
}
function draw() {
background(248);
// ---------- read control ----------
const fillPct = bSlider.value(); // ballast fill, %
const mBallast = (fillPct / 100) * BALLAST_CAP; // kg of water in tanks
const mTotal = M_HULL + mBallast; // total boat mass, kg
const weight = mTotal * G; // downward weight, N
// ---------- physics: integrate vertical motion ----------
// Net downward force = weight - buoyancy - quadratic drag opposing motion.
const drag = DRAG_C * vel * Math.abs(vel); // opposes velocity, N
const fNet = weight - B_FORCE; // +down, -up (before drag)
const accel = (fNet - drag) / mTotal; // m/s^2, down positive
const dt = 1 / 60; // fixed step, s
vel += accel * dt;
depth += vel * dt;
// Clamp to surface and seabed; stop motion into the boundary.
if (depth < 0) { depth = 0; if (vel < 0) vel = 0; }
if (depth > DEPTH_MAX){ depth = DEPTH_MAX; if (vel > 0) vel = 0; }
// Spawn bubbles when the tanks are being blown (fill decreasing).
if (fillPct < lastFill - 0.001) spawnBubbles();
lastFill = fillPct;
// ---------- draw the sea (rule §8 layer 1, neutral background) ----------
drawSea();
// ---------- draw the submarine + force arrows (layer 2) ----------
const yBoat = ySurf + depth * pxPerM;
drawForces(width * 0.5, yBoat, weight, B_FORCE);
drawSub(width * 0.5, yBoat, fillPct);
updateAndDrawBubbles();
// ---------- HUD watermark (rule §2) ----------
noStroke();
textFont("system-ui");
// §2a — top-left title block.
fill(20);
textSize(20);
textAlign(LEFT, TOP);
text("Submarine", 16, 12);
textSize(12);
fill(110);
text("Wikitube microsim - en.wikitube.io/wiki/" + ARTICLE, 16, 38);
// §2b — top-right control hints.
textAlign(RIGHT, TOP);
textSize(11);
fill(110);
text("slider: b (ballast fill, % of tank capacity)", width - 16, 12);
text("dive when b > " + B_NEUTRAL_PCT.toFixed(0) + "% , surface when b < " +
B_NEUTRAL_PCT.toFixed(0) + "%", width - 16, 28);
// §2c — bottom-left live readouts (canonical symbols, SI units).
textAlign(LEFT, BOTTOM);
textSize(13);
fill(20);
const state = Math.abs(fNet) < 50 ? "neutral"
: (fNet > 0 ? "diving" : "surfacing");
text("b = " + fillPct + " % m = " + mTotal.toFixed(0) + " kg", 16, height - 70);
fill(40, 90, 200);
text("B = " + (B_FORCE / 1000).toFixed(1) + " kN", 16, height - 52);
fill(220, 60, 60);
text("W = " + (weight / 1000).toFixed(1) + " kN", 150, height - 52);
fill(40);
text("F_net = " + (fNet / 1000).toFixed(1) + " kN (" + state + ")", 270, height - 52);
// Slider label (rule §7) — left of the slider, right-aligned.
textAlign(RIGHT, CENTER);
textSize(12);
fill(60);
text("b (ballast %)", 140, height - 32 + 9);
// Depth + velocity gauge, right side bottom area but above equation.
textAlign(RIGHT, BOTTOM);
textSize(13);
fill(20);
text("depth = " + depth.toFixed(1) + " m v = " + vel.toFixed(2) + " m/s",
width - 16, height - 28);
// §2d — bottom-right equation footer (ASCII only — see pitfalls.md).
textAlign(RIGHT, BOTTOM);
textSize(11);
fill(80);
text("F = W - B = (m_hull + b)*g - rho*g*V ; neutral when m = rho*V",
width - 16, height - 8);
}
// ---------- helpers (rule §10) ----------
// Sea: sky band, a graded blue water column, surface line and seabed.
function drawSea() {
noStroke();
fill(214, 230, 244); // sky
rect(0, 0, width, ySurf);
// simple vertical gradient for the water, darker with depth
for (let y = ySurf; y < ySea; y += 4) {
const t = (y - ySurf) / (ySea - ySurf);
fill(lerp(70, 18, t), lerp(130, 60, t), lerp(190, 110, t));
rect(0, y, width, 4);
}
stroke(235);
strokeWeight(1.5);
line(0, ySurf, width, ySurf); // surface
noStroke();
fill(70, 58, 40); // seabed
rect(0, ySea, width, height - ySea);
}
// Buoyancy (up, blue) and weight (down, red) arrows, scaled by magnitude.
function drawForces(x, y, weight, buoy) {
const scale = 0.00035; // px per newton
// buoyancy arrow points up from the boat top
drawArrow(x - 70, y, 0, -buoy * scale, color(40, 90, 200), "B");
// weight arrow points down from the boat bottom
drawArrow(x + 70, y, 0, weight * scale, color(220, 60, 60), "W");
}
function drawArrow(x, y, dx, dy, col, label) {
stroke(col);
strokeWeight(3);
line(x, y, x + dx, y + dy);
const ex = x + dx, ey = y + dy;
const ang = Math.atan2(dy, dx);
const head = 8;
noStroke();
fill(col);
triangle(ex, ey,
ex - head * Math.cos(ang - 0.4), ey - head * Math.sin(ang - 0.4),
ex - head * Math.cos(ang + 0.4), ey - head * Math.sin(ang + 0.4));
textAlign(CENTER, CENTER);
textSize(12);
text(label, x + dx, ey + (dy < 0 ? -10 : 10));
}
// The boat: pressure hull, conning tower, and a ballast tank whose water
// level mirrors the slider so the cause (fill) and effect (motion) are
// visible together.
function drawSub(x, y, fillPct) {
push();
translate(x, y);
// pressure hull (capsule)
noStroke();
fill(60, 66, 74);
rectMode(CENTER);
rect(0, 0, 150, 38, 19);
// conning tower (sail)
rect(-6, -30, 26, 26, 5);
rect(-6, -46, 4, 14); // periscope
// ballast tank outline along the belly, with seawater fill
const tankW = 110, tankH = 12, tankY = 12;
stroke(200);
strokeWeight(1);
fill(30, 36, 44);
rect(0, tankY, tankW, tankH, 3);
// fill water from the bottom up
const wH = (fillPct / 100) * tankH;
noStroke();
fill(40, 120, 200, 220);
rect(0, tankY + (tankH - wH) / 2, tankW - 2, wH, 2);
rectMode(CORNER);
pop();
}
// ---------- bubble effects (cosmetic, shown while blowing ballast) ----------
function spawnBubbles() {
const yBoat = ySurf + depth * pxPerM;
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
bubbles.push({
x: width * 0.5 + random(-50, 50),
y: yBoat + random(-6, 14),
r: random(2, 5),
vy: random(0.6, 1.6)
});
}
if (bubbles.length > 120) bubbles.splice(0, bubbles.length - 120);
}
function updateAndDrawBubbles() {
noStroke();
fill(230, 240, 255, 150);
for (let i = bubbles.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
const b = bubbles[i];
b.y -= b.vy;
ellipse(b.x, b.y, b.r * 2);
if (b.y < ySurf) bubbles.splice(i, 1);
}
}
```
## Links (Wikipedia order)
<!-- injected from _registry/childlinks/Submarine.json (2026-07-30T02:09:12Z) -->
`1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane` · `3D_printing` · `ABC_(newspaper)` · `Abacus` · `Accounting` · `Aerostat` · `Agricultural_machinery` · `Agriculture` · `Agronomy` · `Air_conditioning` · `Aircraft` · `Aircraft_carrier` · `Airlock` · `Airplane` · `Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War` · `Allies_of_World_War_I` · `Allies_of_World_War_II` · [[Alloy]] · [[Alternating_current]] · `American_Civil_War` · `Amine_gas_treating` · `Anesthesia` · `Anti-ship_missile` · `Anti-submarine_warfare` · `Antibiotic` · `Applied_science` · `Appropriate_technology` · `Aqueduct_(water_supply)` · `Arch` · `Archimedes'_screw` · [[Architecture]] · `Armed_merchantman` · `Arms_industry` · [[Artificial_intelligence]] · `Assembly_line` · `Auguste_Piccard` · `Autonomous_underwater_vehicle` · `Auxiliary_ship` · `Axle` · `Balao-class_submarine` · `Ball_bearing` · `Ballistic_missile_submarine` · `Banknote` · `Barcelona` · `Barents_Sea` · `Barge` · `Barotrauma` · `Barque` · `Bathyscaphe` · `Battle_of_the_Atlantic` · 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`UGM-27_Polaris` · `UGM-73_Poseidon` · `USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)` · `USS_Scorpion_(SSN-589)` · `USS_Thresher_(SSN-593)` · `Underwater_diving` · `Underwater_warfare` · `United_Kingdom` · `United_States_Naval_Academy` · `United_States_Navy` · `United_States_S-class_submarine` · `Unmanned_underwater_vehicle` · `Unrestricted_submarine_warfare` · `Vaccine` · `Vacuum_pump` · `Vacuum_tube` · `Valparaíso` · `Valve` · `Vickers` · `Video_game` · `Vladivostok` · `Vulcanization` · `Warship` · `Washing_machine` · `Watercraft` · `Weapon` · `Web_browser` · `Wedge` · `Welding` · `Wet_sub` · `Whaler` · `Wheel` · `Whippletree_(mechanism)` · `Windmill` · `Windsurfing` · `Wine` · `Wing` · `Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)` · `Word_processor` · `Working_animal` · `World_War_I` · `World_War_II` · `World_Wide_Web` · `Writing` · `Yacht` · [[Zinc]]
## From the Real GENERATIVE library
*Submarine — placed from the Real G.E.N.E.R.A.T.I.V.E. course library (STEM and Music room). Source: Wikimedia Commons (via Wikipedia article media). [Details & license](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_%28SSN_774%29_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg).*
*Animated: Submarine — placed from the Real G.E.N.E.R.A.T.I.V.E. course library (STEM and Music room). Source: Wikimedia Commons (via Wikipedia article media). [Details & license](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment_suit.gif).*
> A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability.)[2] The term “submarine” is also sometimes used historically or informally to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, or to medium-sized or smaller vessels (such as the midget submarine and th ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine))
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## From the vault media library
!Submarine thumb.png
*Submarine — from the vault's own media holdings, placed 2026-07-09. MTN / Wikitube.io original · CC BY-SA 4.0.*
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**Semiotic universals** (the notations and alphabet letters this article speaks — each opens its canonical card): kanji radicals · force · probability · pressure · flow. Index: the glyph gallery · SEMIOTICS PORTAL.
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## Media (PD/CC)
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!Gif Library/Submarine/Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment suit.gif
*Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment_suit.gif · Public domain*
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> **Room:** [[Robotics]] · **Status:** ✅ shipped
## Overview
A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability.)2 The term “submarine” is also sometimes used historically or informally to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, or to medium-sized or smaller vessels (such as the midget submarine and the wet sub). Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships regardless of their size.3
_(Overview is shorter than 200 words; the pipeline should expand it from textbook context before publishing.)_
## See also
- Room hub: [[Robotics]]
- p5.js Editor conventions: P5 JS EDITOR
- Wiki root: MAIN
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*Scaffolded by `generative-microsim` from row 21 of the Robotics sheet on 2026-06-04T12:59:38Z.*
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*Built to the [[WT!P5_js_Microsim_Master_Class|p5.js Master Class]].*
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## Wikipedia : Wikitube
**Strict pair:** [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine) : [Wikitube](https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Submarine)
## Previous hub tags
Tree parent: [[Oxygen]].
Legacy hubs: `GENERATIVE`.
---
*Sources: 1 legacy note. Minted wave 1, 2026-07-30 (v1.6 order).*