# Timeline of Solar System exploration <!-- SOLSIM:BEGIN g31 — Solar System explorer state (hand-built on wt-core, specs/solar/); do not hand-edit inside --> **Microsim — three.js (Wikitube framework):** *The edge of the heliosphere in the Solar System explorer* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?obj=heliosphere&embed=1" data-title="The edge of the heliosphere in the Solar System explorer"></div> *The Solar System explorer locked on this article's state (`?obj=heliosphere`); every object and population of the [[PORTAL_Solar_System|Solar System portal]] has its own state in the same scene.* <!-- SOLSIM:END --> *Try: set the year slider to 1977, the year the Voyagers were launched, and the speed to 1 year/s to watch the planets move through the decades of exploration up to 2050; set show to clouds and boundaries to see the three heliosphere shells, at 94 AU, 121 AU and near 230 AU, that Voyager 1 reached in 2004 and 2012; switch the scale to true to see how far those boundaries lie beyond Neptune.* The **timeline of Solar System exploration** traces the spacecraft sent to study the [[Sun]], the [[Moon]], the planets and the small bodies, ordered by launch date. It covers missions that left Earth orbit for that purpose, including those that failed after launch, and a few pioneering Earth-orbiting craft; it leaves out telescopic astronomy from the ground and most Earth satellites.[^nssdc-planetary] Launch dates can precede the achievement by years: Voyager 2, launched in August 1977, reached [[Neptune]] only in 1989.[^nssdc-voyager2] In outline, the Soviet Union and the United States reached the Moon, Venus and Mars in the 1960s; the 1970s brought landings on Venus and Mars and the first flights to the outer planets; the 1980s and 1990s added comets, asteroids and long-lived orbiters of Jupiter and Saturn; and since 2000 Europe, Japan, China, India and the United Arab Emirates have joined with their own missions.[^nssdc-planetary] Crewed flight returned beyond Earth orbit in April 2026 with Artemis II.[^nasa-artemis2] The explorer at the top of this page opens on the [[Heliosphere|heliosphere]], the boundary region that the two Voyagers, launched in 1977, were the first to reach. Its three shells, at 94 AU, 121 AU and near 230 AU, are ILLUSTRATIVE spheres; the planets inside them move on JPL orbital elements, so the year slider shows where each world stood when a mission arrived.[^jpl-t1] ## 1950s The space age opened on 4 October 1957 with Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite.[^nssdc-sputnik] Explorer 1, the first American satellite, followed on 1 February 1958 and discovered the Van Allen radiation belts around [[Earth]].[^nssdc-explorer1] The Moon was the first target beyond Earth. The Soviet Luna 1, launched on 2 January 1959, missed the Moon and became the first spacecraft in orbit around the Sun; Luna 2 struck the Moon on 13 September 1959, the first human-made object to reach another world; and Luna 3, launched on 4 October 1959, photographed the far side of the Moon, never seen from Earth.[^nssdc-luna1][^nssdc-luna2][^nssdc-luna3] The American Pioneer 4 flew past the Moon in March 1959 at a greater distance than planned.[^nssdc-pioneer4] The decade thus reached, within two years, every basic step of lunar exploration short of landing: escape from Earth's gravity, impact and imaging. Escaping Earth needs a launch speed near 11.2 km/s, the escape velocity from its surface, compared with about 7.9 km/s for low orbit (derived from √(2GM/R) and √(GM/R) with Earth's mass and radius).[^nasa-fs][^openstax-grav] ## 1960s The 1960s were the decade of the first planetary missions and of the race to the Moon. Venera 1, launched on 12 February 1961, was the first probe sent to another planet, though contact was lost before it passed Venus.[^nssdc-venera1] Mariner 2 made the first successful planetary flyby, of [[Venus]], in December 1962, and Mariner 4 returned the first close-up pictures of [[Mars]] in July 1965.[^nssdc-mariner2][^nssdc-mariner4] Venera 3 reached the surface of Venus in 1966, the first spacecraft to strike another planet, although it had stopped transmitting before arrival.[^nssdc-venera3] At the Moon the United States' Ranger probes, after six failures, returned close-up images before impact from Ranger 7 in 1964, and the Soviet Luna 9 and the American Surveyor 1 made the first soft landings in 1966, the same year that Luna 10 became the first lunar orbiter.[^nssdc-ranger7][^nssdc-luna9][^nssdc-surveyor1][^nssdc-luna10] Crewed flight advanced in parallel. Yuri Gagarin orbited Earth on Vostok 1 on 12 April 1961, and Alexei Leonov made the first spacewalk in 1965.[^nssdc-vostok1][^nssdc-voskhod2] The decade ended with Apollo 8 carrying the first crew around the Moon in December 1968 and Apollo 11 landing Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on it in July 1969.[^nssdc-apollo8][^nssdc-apollo11] | Year | Mission | First | |---|---|---| | 1962 | Mariner 2 | Successful planetary flyby (Venus) | | 1965 | Mariner 4 | Close-up images of Mars | | 1966 | Luna 10 | Orbiter of another world | | 1969 | Apollo 11 | Crewed landing on another world | Sources: NSSDCA Master Catalog.[^nssdc-mariner2][^nssdc-mariner4][^nssdc-luna10][^nssdc-apollo11] ## 1970s The 1970s combined the last Apollo landings with robotic firsts across the inner Solar System and the first flights to the giant planets. Venera 7 made the first soft landing on another planet, Venus, in December 1970 and returned data from the surface; Luna 16 brought back the first robotic lunar sample; and Lunokhod 1 became the first remote-controlled rover.[^nssdc-venera7][^nssdc-luna16][^nssdc-lunokhod] In 1971 Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to orbit another planet, Mars, and the Soviet Mars 3 lander made the first soft landing there, failing within seconds.[^nssdc-mariner9][^nssdc-mars3] The Soviet Salyut 1 became the first space station, and Apollo 17 made the last crewed lunar landing in December 1972.[^nssdc-salyut1][^nssdc-apollo17] The outer Solar System opened with Pioneer 10, the first spacecraft through the [[Asteroid_belt|asteroid belt]] and past [[Jupiter]] (1973), and Pioneer 11, which also made the first flyby of [[Saturn]] (1979).[^nssdc-pioneer10][^nssdc-pioneer11] Mariner 10, launched in 1973, used Venus's gravity to reach [[Mercury_(planet)|Mercury]] and flew past it three times.[^nssdc-mariner10] The two Viking landers returned years of data from the surface of Mars from 1976, and the two Voyagers, launched in 1977, set out on the tour of the outer planets that would carry them to the heliosphere's edge.[^nssdc-viking1][^nssdc-voyager2] ## 1980s Venus and comets dominated the 1980s. Venera 13 and 14 landed on Venus in 1982 and returned colour images and soil analyses from its surface.[^nssdc-venera13] The international fleet sent to [[Halley's_Comet|Halley's Comet]] in 1986 included the Soviet Vega 1 and 2, which also dropped landers and the first balloons into Venus's atmosphere on the way; two Japanese probes, Sakigake and Suisei; and the European Space Agency's Giotto, which passed about 600 km from the nucleus and returned the first close images of a comet's core.[^jpl-vega][^nssdc-vega1][^nssdc-giotto] Voyager 2 made the only visits so far to [[Uranus]], in January 1986, and Neptune, in August 1989.[^nssdc-voyager2] The Soviet Mir space station, launched in 1986, was the first modular station.[^nssdc-mir] At the end of the decade NASA launched two long-lived missions: Magellan, which mapped Venus by radar from orbit, and Galileo, which would make the first asteroid flybys, find the first moon of an asteroid and become the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter.[^nssdc-magellan][^nssdc-galileo] The Soviet Phobos probes to Mars and its moon Phobos were both lost in 1988–1989.[^nssdc-phobos2] ## 1990s The 1990s mixed losses with lasting successes. NASA's Mars Observer (1992), Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander (1998–1999) all failed, as did Russia's Mars 96.[^nssdc-planetary] Mars Pathfinder landed in July 1997 and released Sojourner, the first rover on another planet, while Mars Global Surveyor mapped the planet from orbit.[^nssdc-pathfinder][^nssdc-mgs] The [[Sun]] was watched continuously from 1995 by the ESA–NASA observatory SOHO, and the Ulysses probe flew over the Sun's poles.[^nssdc-soho][^nssdc-ulysses] Small bodies came into close view. NEAR Shoemaker, launched in 1996, orbited the [[Near-Earth_object|near-Earth]] [[Asteroid|asteroid]] Eros from 2000 and landed on it in 2001.[^nssdc-near] Cassini–Huygens, launched in 1997, became the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn, in 2004, and its European-built Huygens probe landed on [[Titan_(moon)|Titan]] in January 2005, the first landing in the outer Solar System.[^nssdc-cassini][^nssdc-huygens] Stardust, launched in 1999, collected dust from the coma of [[Comet|comet]] Wild 2 and returned it to Earth in 2006.[^nssdc-stardust] The International Space Station's first module was launched in 1998.[^nssdc-iss] ## 2000s [[Mars]] was visited by a steady series of orbiters, landers and rovers: Mars Odyssey, the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity, the European Space Agency's Mars Express, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Phoenix polar lander, which confirmed water ice just below the surface in 2008.[^nssdc-phoenix][^nssdc-planetary] Genesis collected particles of the [[Solar_wind|solar wind]] and returned them to Earth in 2004, and Japan's Hayabusa returned the first grains from an asteroid, Itokawa, in 2010.[^nssdc-genesis][^nssdc-hayabusa] Several missions launched in this decade reached their targets years later. Rosetta, launched in 2004, became the first comet orbiter in 2014 and set down the Philae lander.[^nssdc-rosetta] MESSENGER became the first Mercury orbiter in 2011.[^nssdc-messenger] New Horizons, launched in January 2006, flew past [[Pluto]] in July 2015 and the Kuiper belt object Arrokoth in January 2019.[^nssdc-newhorizons] Dawn orbited Vesta from 2011 and [[Ceres_(dwarf_planet)|Ceres]] from 2015, the first spacecraft to orbit two bodies beyond Earth.[^nssdc-dawn] Deep Impact sent an impactor into comet Tempel 1 in 2005.[^nssdc-deepimpact] The [[Moon]] returned to the agenda with China's Chang'e 1, India's Chandrayaan-1, which helped detect water on the Moon, and NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.[^nssdc-change1][^nssdc-chandrayaan1][^nssdc-lro] ## 2010s The 2010s were a decade of long-lived orbiters and new national programmes. Juno has orbited Jupiter since 2016, and the Curiosity rover has explored Gale crater on Mars since landing in August 2012.[^nssdc-juno][^nssdc-msl] India's Mangalyaan reached Mars orbit in 2014, alongside NASA's MAVEN.[^nssdc-mangalyaan][^nssdc-maven] China landed Chang'e 3 on the Moon in 2013, the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 in 1976, and Chang'e 4 made the first landing on the far side in January 2019.[^nssdc-change3][^nssdc-luna24][^nssdc-change4] Asteroid sample return became routine. Hayabusa2 sampled Ryugu and returned the material in December 2020, and NASA's OSIRIS-REx sampled Bennu and returned its capsule in September 2023.[^nssdc-hayabusa2][^nssdc-osirisrex] The Parker Solar Probe, launched in 2018, flies closer to the Sun than any earlier spacecraft, and the ESA–JAXA BepiColombo mission set out for Mercury the same year.[^nssdc-parker][^nssdc-bepi] NASA's InSight lander measured marsquakes from 2018.[^nssdc-insight] Over the same decade the Voyagers reported from outside the heliosphere: Voyager 1 had crossed the heliopause in 2012 and Voyager 2 did so in 2018.[^jpl-voyager] ## 2020s Three missions left for Mars in July 2020: the United Arab Emirates' Hope orbiter, China's Tianwen-1 orbiter with the Zhurong rover, and NASA's Perseverance rover, which carried the Ingenuity helicopter, the first aircraft to make a powered flight on another planet.[^nssdc-hope][^nssdc-tianwen1][^nssdc-mars2020] China's Chang'e 5 returned lunar samples in December 2020.[^nssdc-change5] In September 2022 NASA's DART spacecraft struck Dimorphos, the small moon of the asteroid Didymos, and measurably shortened its orbit, the first test of deflecting an asteroid.[^nasa-dart] India's Chandrayaan-3 made the first soft landing near the lunar south pole in August 2023.[^nssdc-chandrayaan3] Missions to the outer Solar System are again under way. Lucy, launched in 2021, is bound for the [[Jupiter_trojan|Jupiter trojans]]; the European Space Agency's JUICE (2023) and NASA's Europa Clipper (2024) are headed for Jupiter's icy moons.[^nssdc-lucy][^nssdc-juice][^nasa-clipper] The first crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit since 1972, Artemis II, launched on 1 April 2026 and carried four astronauts around the Moon; at its farthest it was about 406,771 km (252,756 miles) from Earth, beyond Apollo 13's 1970 record, before splashing down on 10 April.[^nasa-artemis2][^nasa-artemis2-record] ## Planned or scheduled Several missions already launched have arrivals ahead of them. BepiColombo is to arrive in orbit at Mercury in December 2026 and begin routine science in April 2027, and ESA's Hera is to rendezvous with Dimorphos in November 2026 to study the crater left by DART.[^esa-bepi][^esa-hera] Lucy is scheduled to pass its first Trojan targets in 2027 and to reach the binary pair Patroclus and Menoetius on 3 March 2033.[^nasa-lucy] Psyche is to begin its prime mission at the metal-rich asteroid 16 Psyche in August 2029.[^nasa-psyche] Europa Clipper is to reach Jupiter in April 2030 and JUICE in July 2031.[^nasa-clipper][^esa-juice] New launches are scheduled as well. Japan's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) is due to launch in October 2026, to study Phobos from 2027 and return a sample.[^jaxa-mmx] NASA's Dragonfly, a rotorcraft lander for [[Titan_(moon)|Titan]], is to launch no earlier than July 2028 and arrive in 2034.[^nasa-dragonfly] At Titan's distance, about 9.5 AU, a radio signal takes about 79 minutes one way (derived from 9.5 × 499 s), so a command and its reply take more than two and a half hours.[^nasa-fs] ## See also - [[Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System]] - [[Voyager_1]] - [[Heliosphere]] - [[Kuiper_belt]] - List of Solar System probes · List of missions to the Moon · List of missions to Mars · Space Race ## References [^nssdc-planetary]: NASA NSSDCA. "Lunar and planetary science: missions" (chronology of lunar and planetary spacecraft). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ [^nssdc-voyager2]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. 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"Mir" (1986-017A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1986-017A [^nssdc-magellan]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Magellan" (1989-033B). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-033B [^nssdc-galileo]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Galileo Orbiter" (1989-084B). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-084B [^nssdc-phobos2]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Phobos 2" (1988-059A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1988-059A [^nssdc-pathfinder]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Mars Pathfinder" (1996-068A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-068A [^nssdc-soho]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "SOHO" (1995-065A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1995-065A [^nssdc-ulysses]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Ulysses" (1990-090B). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-090B [^nssdc-near]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "NEAR Shoemaker" (1996-008A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-008A [^nssdc-cassini]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Cassini" (1997-061A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-061A [^nssdc-huygens]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Huygens" (1997-061C). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-061C [^nssdc-stardust]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Stardust/NExT" (1999-003A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-003A [^nssdc-iss]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "International Space Station" (1998-067A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-067A [^nssdc-phoenix]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Phoenix Mars Lander" (2007-034A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-034A [^nssdc-genesis]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Genesis" (2001-034A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-034A [^nssdc-hayabusa]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Hayabusa" (2003-019A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-019A [^nssdc-rosetta]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Rosetta" (2004-006A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-006A [^nssdc-messenger]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "MESSENGER" (2004-030A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-030A [^nssdc-newhorizons]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby" (2006-001A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-001A [^nssdc-dawn]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Dawn" (2007-043A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-043A [^nssdc-deepimpact]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Deep Impact/EPOXI" (2005-001A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001A [^nssdc-change1]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Chang'e 1" (2007-051A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-051A [^nssdc-chandrayaan1]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Chandrayaan 1 Lunar Orbiter" (2008-052A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2008-052A [^nssdc-lro]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)" (2009-031A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-031A [^nssdc-juno]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Juno" (2011-040A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-040A [^nssdc-msl]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)" (2011-070A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-070A [^nssdc-mangalyaan]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Mangalyaan" (2013-060A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-060A [^nssdc-maven]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)" (2013-063A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-063A [^nssdc-change3]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Chang'e 3" (2013-070A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-070A [^nssdc-luna24]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Luna 24" (1976-081A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-081A [^nssdc-change4]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Chang'e 4" (2018-103A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018-103A [^nssdc-hayabusa2]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Hayabusa2" (2014-076A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-076A [^nssdc-osirisrex]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "OSIRIS-REx" (2016-055A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-055A [^nssdc-parker]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Parker Solar Probe" (2018-065A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018-065A [^nssdc-bepi]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "BepiColombo" (2018-080A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018-080A [^nssdc-insight]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "InSight" (2018-042A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018-042A [^jpl-voyager]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – Interstellar mission". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar-mission/ [^nssdc-hope]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)" (2020-047A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-047A [^nssdc-tianwen1]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Tianwen 1" (2020-049A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-049A [^nssdc-mars2020]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Mars 2020" (2020-052A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-052A [^nssdc-change5]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Chang'e 5" (2020-087A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-087A [^nasa-dart]: NASA (11 October 2022). "NASA confirms DART mission impact changed asteroid's motion in space". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroids-motion-in-space/ [^nssdc-chandrayaan3]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Chandrayaan 3" (2023-098A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2023-098A [^nssdc-lucy]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "Lucy" (2021-093A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2021-093A [^nssdc-juice]: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog. "JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE)" (2023-053A). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2023-053A [^nasa-clipper]: NASA Science. "Europa Clipper". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/ (fetched 2026-09-18). [^nasa-artemis2-record]: NASA (6 April 2026). "NASA's Artemis II crew eclipses record for farthest human spaceflight". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-artemis-ii-crew-eclipses-record-for-farthest-human-spaceflight/ [^esa-bepi]: European Space Agency. "BepiColombo". https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo (fetched 2026-09-18). [^esa-hera]: European Space Agency. "Hera". https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera (fetched 2026-09-18). [^nasa-lucy]: NASA Science. "Lucy". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lucy/ (fetched 2026-09-18). [^nasa-psyche]: NASA Science. "Psyche". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/psyche/ (fetched 2026-09-18). [^esa-juice]: European Space Agency. "Juice". https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice (fetched 2026-09-18). [^jaxa-mmx]: JAXA. "MMX – Martian Moons eXploration". https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/ (fetched 2026-09-18). [^nasa-dragonfly]: NASA Science. "Dragonfly". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/dragonfly/ (fetched 2026-09-18). ## External links - NASA NSSDCA, Lunar and Planetary Science: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ - NASA Science, Solar System exploration missions: https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/ - ESA Science and Exploration: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration ## Wikipedia : Wikitube **Strict pair:** [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration) : [Wikitube](https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration) · pinned revision [1372348040](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372348040) · 2026-09-18 ## Previous hub tags Hubs: `Life_Physics`. Portals: [[PORTAL_Solar_System]]. --- *Solar System portal child articles, wave 1 · 2026-09-18 · drafted · row SOL-094 · explorer state `?obj=heliosphere`.* <!-- hub_tags: Life_Physics · PORTAL_Solar_System -->