Voyager_1 - Wikiparency

# Voyager 1  **Microsim — three.js (Wikitube framework):** *The edge of the heliosphere in the Solar System explorer* <div class="wt-sim" data-src="https://wikitube-3d-microsims.netlify.app/solar/Solar_System.html?obj=heliosphere&embed=1" data-title="The edge of the heliosphere in the Solar System explorer"></div> *The Solar System explorer locked on this article's state (`?obj=heliosphere`); every object and population of the [[PORTAL_Solar_System|Solar System portal]] has its own state in the same scene.*  *Try: set show to clouds and boundaries to leave the three shells on their own, the termination shock at 94 AU, the heliopause at 121 AU and the bow shock near 230 AU; set show back to everything and compare Neptune's orbit at 30 AU with the innermost shell; switch the scale to true to see how far beyond the planets the boundaries Voyager 1 crossed really lie.* **Voyager 1** is a robotic space probe that [[NASA]] launched on 5 September 1977 to fly past [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] and then continue outward, beyond the [[Heliosphere|heliosphere]], into interstellar space.[^jpl-status][^nssdc] Its twin, Voyager 2, left Earth sixteen days earlier on a slower path. Voyager 1 is the most distant object ever built: in 2026 it is more than 170 AU from the [[Sun]], and a projection from its known speed places it one light-day from [[Earth]] in November 2026.[^jpl-status][^felton2025] The probe returned the first detailed pictures of the Jovian and Saturnian moons, found active volcanoes on [[Io_(moon)|Io]] and measured the thick atmosphere of [[Titan_(moon)|Titan]]; the Titan encounter bent its path out of the plane of the planets and ended its planetary work in 1980.[^jpl-jupiter][^jpl-saturn] Since then it has been an instrument for the outer boundaries: it crossed the termination shock in December 2004 and the [[Heliopause|heliopause]] on 25 August 2012, the first spacecraft to reach the [[Interstellar_medium|interstellar medium]].[^jpl-interstellar][^nasa2013] In 2026 two instruments still work, the magnetometer and the plasma wave subsystem, and its generators may keep engineering data flowing until about 2036.[^bartels2026][^jpl-faq] The explorer at the top of this page opens on the edge of the heliosphere, with three shells drawn at the distances where Voyager 1 met the boundaries of the Sun's plasma bubble. ## Mission background The Voyagers descend from the Grand Tour idea of the late 1960s: a rare alignment of the outer planets in the late 1970s and 1980s would let one spacecraft use the [[Gravitational_field|gravity]] of each planet to reach the next.[^jpl-history] Budget cuts reduced the plan to two probes aimed at Jupiter and Saturn, first called Mariner 11 and 12 and then Mariner Jupiter-Saturn; the name Voyager was adopted once the design had moved far from the Mariner line.[^mack1998] ### Spacecraft components The [[Aerospace_engineering|spacecraft]], built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is a ten-sided bus carrying 11 science instruments.[^jpl-spacecraft] Orientation is handled by the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem, which uses gyroscopes, celestial reference sensors and 16 hydrazine thrusters to keep the 3.7 m high-gain dish pointed at Earth.[^pds-vg2][^jpl-hga] The downlink runs at 2.3 GHz (S band) or 8.4 GHz (X band) and the uplink at 2.1 GHz, through the three complexes of the Deep Space Network; a tape recorder can hold about 64 megabytes for later playback.[^ludwig2002][^presskit] Electric power comes from three radioisotope thermoelectric generators on a boom, each loaded with 24 pressed spheres of [[Plutonium|plutonium]]-238 oxide. Together they delivered about 470 W at launch.[^jpl-life] Two effects lower the output: the fuel decays with an 87.7-year [[Half-life|half-life]], and the thermocouples that turn heat into electricity degrade. The decay alone leaves about 68 percent of the launch heat after 49 years, since 2^(−49/87.7) ≈ 0.68 (derived); the electrical output has fallen faster because of the thermocouples, which is why instruments have been switched off one by one.[^jpl-spacecraft] Three computers run the craft: the command subsystem, derived from the Viking orbiter computer; the flight data subsystem, which formats science and engineering data; and the attitude control computer.[^tomayko1987] ## Mission profile ### Timeline of travel | Date | Event | |---|---| | 5 September 1977 | Launch from Cape Canaveral on a Titan IIIE–Centaur | | 5 March 1979 | Closest approach to Jupiter, about 349,000 km from the planet's centre | | 12 November 1980 | Closest approach to Saturn, about 124,000 km above the cloud tops | | 14 February 1990 | Family Portrait of the planets, the last Voyager images | | 17 February 1998 | Passes Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft, at 69 AU | | December 2004 | Crosses the termination shock at 94 AU | | 25 August 2012 | Crosses the heliopause at 121 AU | | November 2023 – June 2024 | Flight data computer fault; science data restored from all four instruments then operating | | 25 February 2025 | Cosmic ray subsystem switched off | | 17 April 2026 | Low-energy charged particle instrument switched off; two instruments remain | Sources for the table: JPL encounter and mission pages, the NASA 1998 and 2013 announcements and the Voyager blog.[^jpl-jupiter][^jpl-saturn][^cnn1998][^jpl-interstellar][^nasa2013][^nasa-june2024][^jpl2025][^bartels2026] ### Launch and trajectory Voyager 1 lifted off from Launch Complex 41 on a Titan IIIE with a Centaur upper stage. It left after Voyager 2 but on a shorter, faster trajectory, so it reached Jupiter and Saturn first.[^jpl-planetary] The launch nearly failed: the Titan's second stage shut down early, leaving propellant unburned, and the Centaur's computer lengthened its own burn to make up the missing speed, finishing with only about 3.4 seconds of propellant to spare. The same fault on Voyager 2's launch, when Jupiter was less favourably placed, would have left that probe short of its trajectory.[^space2012] ### Flyby of Jupiter Photography of Jupiter began in January 1979, and the closest approach came on 5 March at about 349,000 km from the planet's centre. Most observations of the moons, rings and magnetic environment were packed into the 48 hours around that moment, when resolution was best.[^jpl-jupiter] A month earlier the probe had already returned images of the Great Red Spot that resolved cloud features about 160 km across.[^smith1979] The largest surprise was Io. Voyager 1 saw erupting volcanoes there, the first active volcanism seen beyond Earth, and traced the sulfur, oxygen and sodium that fill Jupiter's magnetosphere back to them.[^jpl-jupiter] The probe also found the thin Jovian ring and two small moons, Metis and Thebe; Metis was the first Jovian moon discovered by a spacecraft.[^synnott1981][^burns2004] Passing through the Io plasma torus exposed the craft to a radiation dose far above anything a human could survive, and some high-resolution images of Io and Ganymede were degraded.[^wilson1987] ### Flyby of Saturn The closest approach to Saturn, on 12 November 1980, took the probe to about 124,000 km above the cloud tops; its cameras resolved complex structure in the [[Rings_of_Saturn|rings]], and the two Voyagers timed the planet's rotation at 10 h 39 min 24 s.[^jpl-saturn] Voyager 1 found that helium makes up about 7 percent of the volume of Saturn's upper atmosphere, against about 11 percent at Jupiter; one reading is that helium is slowly sinking through Saturn's hydrogen interior, which would also account for part of the heat Saturn radiates beyond what it receives from the Sun. Equatorial winds reach about 500 m/s.[^jpl-planetary] Titan decided the rest of the mission. Pioneer 11 had shown the moon's atmosphere to be substantial, and the team designed the trajectory around the best possible Titan pass, which took the probe within about 6,400 km (4,000 miles) of the moon.[^bell2015] The haze hid the ground, but radio and ultraviolet measurements of the atmosphere gave its composition, temperature and pressure, and suggested that liquid hydrocarbons could exist on the surface.[^bell2015] The price was the path: the Titan pass threw Voyager 1 under Saturn's south pole and out of the [[Ecliptic|ecliptic]], ending its planetary science.[^swift1997] Had it failed at Titan, Voyager 2 would have been retargeted there and would never have reached [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].[^jpl-faq-1990] Voyager 1 could instead have been sent on to [[Pluto]], arriving in 1986.[^spacedaily] ### Exit from the heliosphere On 14 February 1990 Voyager 1 turned its cameras back toward the Sun and assembled the Family Portrait of the planets, which includes the image of Earth known as the Pale Blue Dot; the cameras were then switched off for good.[^nssdc-portrait][^jpl-faq-1990] On 17 February 1998, at 69 AU, it passed Pioneer 10 to become the most distant spacecraft.[^cnn1998] Its speed relative to the Sun, about 17 km/s, is the largest recession speed of any probe; it is equivalent to about 3.6 AU per year, or one light-year in roughly 17,600 years (derived).[^jpl-fastfacts] The [[Solar_wind|solar wind]] leaves the Sun at supersonic speed and must slow down where it meets the pressure of the interstellar gas. The first boundary is the termination shock, where the wind becomes subsonic. Reports in 2003 that the probe had reached it were disputed, because Voyager 1's plasma instrument had stopped working in 1980 and the crossing had to be inferred from particles and magnetic fields.[^krimigis2003][^jpl2013] The consensus crossing was on about 15 December 2004 at 94 AU, and beyond it the probe was in the heliosheath of slowed, heated wind.[^jpl-interstellar][^nasa2005] From June 2010 its particle detector saw no net outward flow of the wind at all; when this was announced in December 2010 the probe was about 116 AU from the Sun.[^krimigis2011][^bbc2010] In late 2011 it entered a stagnation region where the magnetic field was compressed to about twice its strength.[^cnn2011] The explorer draws these boundaries as spheres at 94 AU, 121 AU and near 230 AU, the last being the bow shock where the interstellar flow itself may be slowed. The shells are ILLUSTRATIVE: the real heliosphere is blunt on the side facing the interstellar flow and drawn out downstream, and the two Voyagers met the boundaries at different distances in different directions. ### Interstellar medium The [[Heliopause|heliopause]] separates the Sun's wind from interstellar [[Plasma_(physics)|plasma]]. On 25 August 2012, at 121 AU, Voyager 1 recorded a lasting drop in particles from the heliosphere and a sharp rise in galactic cosmic rays. Because the magnetic field direction did not change as many models had predicted, the crossing was debated for a year.[^nasa2013][^jpl2013] The decisive evidence came from the plasma wave instrument. After a solar outburst in March 2012, a pressure front reached the probe and set the local plasma oscillating; the oscillation frequency, measured from 9 April 2013, gave an electron density of about 0.08 per cubic centimetre, far above the values inside the heliosphere and close to the value expected for interstellar gas.[^gurnett2013] NASA announced the crossing on 12 September 2013.[^nasa2013] The heliopause is not the edge of the Solar System in the sense of the Sun's gravitational reach. Bodies such as [[Sedna_(dwarf_planet)|Sedna]] travel far beyond it, and the [[Oort_cloud|Oort cloud]] is thought to begin around 2,000 AU.[^jpl2013] Voyager 1 continues to sample the very local interstellar medium: a steady faint plasma wave signal now gives a nearly continuous density record, and measurements by both Voyagers show the density rising with distance from the Sun.[^jpl2021][^kurth2020] ## Future of the probe ### Remaining lifespan The team manages a shrinking power budget by switching off heaters and instruments in order of priority, keeping the fields and particles instruments that say most about the heliosphere's edge and interstellar space.[^jpl-faq] The plasma instrument, the planetary radio astronomy receiver and the ultraviolet spectrometer were shut down between 2007 and 2016.[^jpl-ops][^jpl-status] The cosmic ray subsystem was turned off in February 2025 and the low-energy charged particle instrument in April 2026, leaving the magnetometer and the plasma wave subsystem.[^jpl2025][^bartels2026] NASA expects that between 2027 and 2036 the generators will no longer run even one instrument, and after 2036 the probe will be beyond the range of the Deep Space Network.[^jpl-faq] ### Concerns with the orientation thrusters Holding the antenna on Earth depends on thrusters whose fuel lines slowly clog with residue from the hydrazine. In November 2017 the team fired the four trajectory correction thrusters for the first time since 1980 and used them for attitude control, extending the mission by two to three years.[^greicius2017] With the craft "single-string", every system without a backup, NASA patched the software to reduce clogging, testing it on the closer Voyager 2 first.[^clark2023] A swap to a less clogged thruster set followed in September 2024,[^rabie2024] and in May 2025 engineers revived roll thrusters unused since 2004, just before the only antenna able to command the Voyagers, Deep Space Station 43 in Canberra, went offline for upgrades.[^nasa-may2025] ### Communication issues In 2022 the attitude control system began sending garbled telemetry; the cause was that it was routing data through a computer that had failed years earlier, and a command to use another computer fixed it.[^greicius2022] A more serious fault began on 14 November 2023, when the flight data subsystem stopped sending usable data. Engineers traced it to one memory chip, about 3 percent of whose memory was corrupted, and in April 2024 moved the affected code elsewhere in the computer's 68 kilobytes; science from all four operating instruments returned by June 2024.[^nasa-april2024][^rak2024][^nasa-june2024] In October 2024 fault protection switched the downlink from the X-band transmitter to the S-band one, unused since 1981; the X band was restored in November.[^nasa-nov2024] At more than 170 AU, a signal needs about 23.7 hours to reach Earth one way (derived from 499 seconds per AU).[^jpl-status] ### Far future Unless it is stopped, Voyager 1 will reach the inner edge of the Oort cloud in about 300 years and take some 30,000 years to cross it.[^pia17046][^jpl2013] It is not aimed at any star. In about 40,000 years it will pass about 1.6 light-years from Gliese 445, a star in Camelopardalis that is itself approaching the Sun.[^jpl-interstellar] New Horizons will never overtake it: that probe left Earth faster but gained only one planetary boost, from Jupiter, and moves at about 14 km/s.[^nh2006] ## Golden record Each Voyager carries a message for whoever might find it: a 12-inch gold-plated copper phonograph disc, sealed in an aluminium jacket together with a cartridge and a stylus.[^nasa-gr-overview][^nasa-gr-contents] A committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University selected the contents, and Timothy Ferris produced the record.[^nasa-gr-contents][^ferris2017] It holds 115 images encoded in analogue form, a sequence of natural sounds such as surf, wind, thunder, birds and whales, spoken greetings in 55 languages, printed messages from President Jimmy Carter and United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, and a 90-minute selection of music from many cultures and eras, among them Mozart, Chuck Berry, Blind Willie Johnson and the Bulgarian singer Valya Balkanska.[^nasa-gr-contents][^gambino2012] The engraved cover explains in symbols how to play the disc, at 16⅔ revolutions per minute, and where it came from. Its unit of time is the period of a fundamental transition of the [[Hydrogen_atom|hydrogen atom]], about 0.70 billionths of a second, and a map first carried on the Pioneer plaques places the Sun relative to 14 pulsars whose periods are given.[^nasa-gr-cover] Sagan's own remark on the project was that the record would be played only if advanced spacefaring civilizations exist in interstellar space.[^nasa-gr-contents] NASA's mission pages describe the two probes as destined to wander the [[Milky_Way|Milky Way]], perhaps for ever.[^jpl-interstellar] ## See also - [[Heliosphere]] · [[Solar_wind]] - [[Interstellar_medium]] · [[Local_Interstellar_Cloud]] - [[Oort_cloud]] - [[Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System]] - [[Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration]] - Voyager 2 · Pioneer 10 · New Horizons ## References [^jpl-status]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – Mission Status". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/ (live distances and light times; fetched 2026-09-18). [^nssdc]: NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. "Voyager 1". *NSSDCA Master Catalog*, ID 1977-084A. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A [^felton2025]: Felton, J. (19 June 2025). "In November 2026, a human-made object will reach a light-day from Earth for first time in history". *IFLScience*. https://www.iflscience.com/in-november-2026-a-human-made-object-will-reach-a-light-day-from-earth-for-first-time-in-history-79691 [^jpl-jupiter]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Encounter with Jupiter". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/jupiter.html [^jpl-saturn]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Encounter with Saturn". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/saturn.html [^jpl-planetary]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Planetary voyage". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/planetary.html [^jpl-interstellar]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – Interstellar Mission". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html [^nasa2013]: Cook, J.-R. C.; Agle, D. C.; Brown, D. (12 September 2013). "NASA spacecraft embarks on historic journey into interstellar space". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html [^jpl2013]: Cook, J.-R. (12 September 2013). "How do we know when Voyager reaches interstellar space?". NASA/JPL news release 2013-278. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278 [^bartels2026]: Bartels, M. (2026). "NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft loses another instrument to save power". *Scientific American*. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasas-voyager-1-spacecraft-down-to-just-two-working-science-instruments/ [^jpl-faq]: NASA Science. "Voyager – Frequently Asked Questions". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/frequently-asked-questions/ [^jpl-faq-1990]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – Frequently Asked Questions". https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/frequently-asked-questions/ [^jpl-history]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – The mission". http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/index.html [^mack1998]: Mack, P. E. (ed.) (1998). *From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners*. NASA History Office, SP-4219, p. 251. ISBN 978-0-16-049640-0. [^jpl-spacecraft]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – The spacecraft". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/ [^pds-vg2]: NASA Planetary Data System (1989). "Voyager 2: host information". https://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewHostProfile.jsp?INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID=VG2 [^jpl-hga]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – High gain antenna". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/instruments_hga.html [^ludwig2002]: Ludwig, R.; Taylor, J. (March 2002). "Voyager telecommunications". *DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series*, article 4. JPL. https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf [^presskit]: NASA (1977). *Voyager Press Kit*, news release 77-136. NASA/JPL. [^jpl-life]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – Spacecraft lifetime". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/spacecraftlife.html [^tomayko1987]: Tomayko, J. E. (1987). *Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience*. NASA Contractor Report 182505. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19880069935 [^cnn1998]: CNN (17 February 1998). "Voyager 1 now most distant man-made object in space". http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/space/9802/17/nasa.distant.objects/ [^nasa-june2024]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (13 June 2024). "Voyager 1 returning science data from all four instruments". https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/voyager-1-returning-science-data-from-all-four-instruments [^jpl2025]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (5 March 2025). "NASA turns off two Voyager science instruments to extend mission". https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-turns-off-two-voyager-science-instruments-to-extend-mission/ [^space2012]: Space.com (5 September 2012). "Voyager 1 probe's 35-year trek to interstellar space almost never was". https://www.space.com/17466-voyager-1-spacecraft-solar-system-35th-anniversary.html [^smith1979]: Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Johnson, T. V.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1". *Science* 204: 951–972. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.204.4396.951 [^synnott1981]: Synnott, S. P. (1981). "1979J3: Discovery of a previously unknown satellite of Jupiter". *Science* 212: 1392. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4501.1392 [^burns2004]: Burns, J. A.; Simonelli, D. P.; Showalter, M. R.; et al. (2004). "Jupiter's ring-moon system". In Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T. E.; McKinnon, W. B. (eds.), *Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere*. Cambridge University Press, p. 241. http://www.astro.umd.edu/~hamilton/research/preprints/BurSimSho03.pdf [^wilson1987]: Wilson, A. (1987). *Solar System Log*. Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7106-0444-6. [^bell2015]: Bell, J. (2015). *The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission*. Penguin/Dutton, p. 93. ISBN 978-0-698-18615-6. [^swift1997]: Swift, D. W. (1997). *Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour*. AIAA, p. 69. ISBN 978-1-56347-252-7. [^spacedaily]: SpaceDaily. "What if Voyager had explored Pluto?". http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/What_If_Voyager_Had_Explored_Pluto_999.html [^nssdc-portrait]: NASA NSSDCA. "Solar System family portrait: photo caption". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/caption/solar_family.txt [^jpl-fastfacts]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager – Fast facts". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/fastfacts.html [^krimigis2003]: Krimigis, S. M.; Decker, R. B.; Hill, M. E.; et al. (2003). "Voyager 1 exited the solar wind at a distance of ~85 AU from the Sun". *Nature* 426: 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02068 [^nasa2005]: NASA (24 May 2005). "Voyager enters Solar System's final frontier". https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/voyager_agu.html [^krimigis2011]: Krimigis, S. M.; Roelof, E. C.; Decker, R. B.; Hill, M. E. (2011). "Zero outward flow velocity for plasma in a heliosheath transition layer". *Nature* 474: 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10115 [^cnn2011]: CNN Light Years (6 December 2011). "Spacecraft enters 'cosmic purgatory'". http://lightyears.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/06/spacecraft-enters-cosmic-purgatory/ [^gurnett2013]: Gurnett, D. A.; Kurth, W. S.; Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F. (2013). "In situ observations of interstellar plasma with Voyager 1". *Science* 341: 1489–1492. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241681 [^jpl2021]: Hatfield, M.; Cofield, C. (11 May 2021). "As NASA's Voyager 1 surveys interstellar space, its density measurements are making waves". NASA/JPL. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/as-nasas-voyager-1-surveys-interstellar-space-its-density-measurements-are-making-waves [^kurth2020]: Kurth, W. S.; Gurnett, D. A. (2020). "Observations of a radial density gradient in the very local interstellar medium by Voyager 2". *The Astrophysical Journal Letters* 900: L1. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abae58 [^greicius2017]: Greicius, T. (1 December 2017). "Voyager 1 fires up thrusters after 37 years". NASA/JPL. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/voyager-1-fires-up-thrusters-after-37 [^clark2023]: Clark, S. (24 October 2023). "NASA wants the Voyagers to age gracefully, so it's time for a software patch". *Ars Technica*. https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/10/nasa-wants-the-voyagers-to-age-gracefully-so-its-time-for-a-software-patch/ [^nasa-may2025]: NASA Science (14 May 2025). "NASA's Voyager 1 revives backup thrusters before command pause". https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2025/05/14/nasas-voyager-1-revives-backup-thrusters-before-command-pause/ [^greicius2022]: Greicius, T. (30 August 2022). "Engineers solve data glitch on NASA's Voyager 1". NASA/JPL. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/engineers-solve-data-glitch-on-nasa-s-voyager-1 [^nasa-april2024]: NASA Voyager blog (22 April 2024). "NASA's Voyager 1 resumes sending engineering updates to Earth". https://blogs.nasa.gov/voyager/2024/04/22/nasas-voyager-1-resumes-sending-engineering-updates-to-earth/ [^rak2024]: Rak, G. (2024). "How NASA is hacking Voyager 1 back to life". *IEEE Spectrum*. https://spectrum.ieee.org/voyager-1 [^nasa-nov2024]: NASA Voyager blog (26 November 2024). "NASA's Voyager 1 resumes regular operations after communications pause". https://blogs.nasa.gov/voyager/2024/11/26/nasas-voyager-1-resumes-regular-operations-after-communications-pause/ [^pia17046]: NASA/JPL Photojournal (12 September 2013). "PIA17046: Voyager 1 goes interstellar". https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA17046 [^nh2006]: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (17 August 2006). "New Horizons salutes Voyager". http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/081706.php [^bbc2010]: Amos, J. (14 December 2010). "Voyager near Solar System's edge". *BBC News*. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11988466 [^jpl-ops]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Voyager: operations plan to the end mission". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/thirty-year-plan/ [^rabie2024]: Rabie, P. (11 September 2024). "NASA pulls off delicate thruster swap, keeping Voyager 1 mission alive". *Gizmodo*. https://gizmodo.com/nasa-pulls-off-delicate-thruster-swap-keeping-voyager-1-mission-alive-2000497434 [^nasa-gr-overview]: NASA Science. "Voyager Golden Record: overview". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-golden-record-overview/ [^nasa-gr-contents]: NASA Science. "Golden Record contents". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/golden-record-contents/ [^nasa-gr-cover]: NASA Science. "Golden Record cover". https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/golden-record-cover/ [^ferris2017]: Ferris, T. (20 August 2017). "How the Voyager Golden Record was made". *The New Yorker*. https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/voyager-golden-record-40th-anniversary-timothy-ferris [^gambino2012]: Gambino, M. (2012). "What is on Voyager's Golden Record?". *Smithsonian Magazine*. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-on-voyagers-golden-record-73063839/ ## External links - NASA/JPL Voyager mission site: https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ - NASA Science, "Where are Voyager 1 and 2 now?": https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/where-are-voyager-1-and-voyager-2-now/ - NSSDCA Master Catalog, Voyager 1: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A - JPL DESCANSO, Voyager telecommunications summary: https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf ## Wikipedia : Wikitube **Strict pair:** [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1) : [Wikitube](https://en.wikitube.io/wiki/Voyager_1) · pinned revision [1373967480](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373967480) · 2026-09-18 ## Previous hub tags Hubs: `Life_Physics`. Portals: [[PORTAL_Solar_System]]. --- *Solar System portal child articles, wave 1 · 2026-09-18 · drafted · row SOL-088 · explorer state `?obj=heliosphere`.*